Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Characteristics of neuromuscular block produced by polymyxin B (PXB) were examined in 12 anesthetized cats, using sciatic nervetibialis anticus muscle preparations. The ED50 was 6.7 (+/- 1.4, SD) PXB base/kg body weight. The ED95 was 10.8 (+/- 2.4) mg/kg. Spontaneous recovery from 25 percent of control to 75 percent of control required 72 (+/- 16) minutes. During a 50 percent block, train-of-four twitches elicited at 2 Hz faded with a train-of-four ratio of 0.42 (+/- 0.13), but the tetanus did not fade. Edrophonium Cl, neostigmine methylsulfate, and pyridostigmine Br at sub-clinical dosages weakly antagonized the block but enhanced the block at anti-curare dosages. All 3 cholinesterase inhibitors were short acting, lasting 10 to 15 minutes, and noncumulative on repeated injection. The potency ratio was approximately 20:10:1 in the order of edrophonium, neostigmine, and pyridostigmine on a weight-for-weight basis. Calcium partially antagonized the block. The authors conclude that neuromuscular blocks produced by various antibiotics differ from each other and from that produced by other groups of neuromuscular blocking agents, including curare.
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PMID:Neuromuscular block by antibiotics: polymyxin B. 19 5

This paper describes the correlation between serum cholinesterase levels and the severity and course of tetanus in a young patient. The diagnostic and prognostic value and significance of this enzyme as well as the therapeutic value of cholinesterase-restoring agents in tetanus are discussed.
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PMID:Serum cholinesterase in tetanus. 33 69

The results of measurements made in two cases of tetanus suggest that the level of tetanus antibody in the blood cannot be used as a diagnostic test for the disease. The investigation also indicated that an attack of tetanus does not result in a rise in tetanus antitoxin antibody levels. This confirms the opinion that tetanus is not an immunising disease. In the cases described, the pseudocholinesterase level was not of diagnostic value.
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PMID:The immunology of tetanus. 53 22

The influence of lowering the temperature, by 10 degrees C increments, from 37 decrees C to 17 degrees C on the twitch )Pt) and tetanic (Po) tension during direct and indirect stimulation, on presynaptic acetylcholine (ACh) release and on muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity were investigated in vitro on the rat's phrenic-nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. Decreasing the temperature from 37 degrees C to 17 decrees C caused a progressive increase of the isometric Pt to 195.8 +/- 9.6 (S.E. of mean) and 169.6 +/- 2.9% of control with direct and indirect stimulation respectively. This change in temperature also increased twitch duration and time to peak Pt by factors of about 4 and 6 respectively with both direct and indirect stimulation. The Po/Pt ratio did not change significantly between 37 degrees C and 27 degrees C, but dropped sharply between 27 degrees C and 17 degrees C. With direct stimulation tetanus was only maintained in 50% of the experiments at 37 degrees C and in none at 27 degrees C or 17 degrees C. With indirect stimulation tetanus was maintained in all experiments at 37 degrees C and 27 degress C and in none at 17 degrees C. Post-tetanic facilitation was greater with indirect than direct stimulation and at higher than at lower temperatures. Post-tetanic exhaustion, with both direct and indirect stimulation, was only observed at 37 degrees C. Presynaptic ACh release (pmol . g-1 . min-1) at rest and with stimulation rates of 0.1 to 50 Hz decreased by more than 60% as temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C. Cooling from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C caused a similar decrease in the volley output (pmol . g-1 . volley-1) of ACh. Muscle-AChE and BuChE activities decreased by 34 and 52% respectively when the temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C. The findings presented indicate that the site of the facilitating effect of cooling on Pt is the muscle fiber. The facilitation is caused by the delay of the relaxation of the contracted muscle, causing prolongation of the active state and increased tension development. The decreased speed of nerve conduction and ACh release caused by cooling adversely affects neuromuscular transmission. This, however, is partially counteracted by decreased muscle-ChE activity and increased sensitivity of the postjunctional membrane to ACh caused by cooling.
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PMID:The influence of temperature on neuromuscular performance. 69 Jun 33

In rabbits injected i.m. with 1 MLD of tetanus toxin, the levels of the serum cholinesterase and of the erythrocytic cholinesterase were determined twice every day, during the course of the intoxication, until the death of the animals. The levels of the serum cholinesterase were decreasing day by day, while these of the erythrocytic cholinesterase did not show any significant variation. These results are strictly comparable to those one may observe in organophosphorus poisoning.
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PMID:[Behavior of serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase in experimental tetanus in rabbits]. 75 34

The effect of scopolamine and a cholinesterase inhibitor on long-term potentiation (LTP) of population spikes was studied in a guinea pig hippocampal slice preparation. After brief application of each drug (10 min), LTP in CA1 and CA3 was induced by tetanus stimulation delivered to commissural/associational fibers and mossy fibers, respectively. Scopolamine at concentration of 10 microM had no effect on LTP in CA1 but significantly suppressed LTP in CA3. The cholinesterase inhibitor, 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine-1-ol maleate (HP 029) at concentration of 10 microM significantly enhanced LTP both in CA1 and CA3. These results suggest that the cholinergic system is involved in producing LTP in CA3. Another mechanism of the effect of HP 029 on LTP in CA1 is discussed.
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PMID:Effect of scopolamine and HP 029, a cholinesterase inhibitor, on long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices of the guinea pig. 271 Apr 12

1. The effects of a high frequency indirect tetanus on the responses to subsequent infrequently applied nerve shocks have been compared in the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles of cats and rabbits.2. Post-tetanic augmentation of twitches in the cat soleus muscle was shown to be partly due to repetitive firing and partly due to increased synchronization of the muscle fibre response. Post-tetanic repetitive firing was not evident in the responses of the other three muscles studied.3. Post-tetanic repetitive responses in the cat soleus muscle and nerve did not originate in the nerve trunk and were not produced by direct muscle stimulation; they were abolished by doses of tubocurarine smaller than those necessary to reduce the twitch tension below the pre-tetanic level. These findings support the conclusion of others that the repetitive firing originates at the neuromuscular junction.4. The repetitive firing could not be explained by an increase in the sensitivity of the motor endplates to acetylcholine, suggesting that an increase in and/or a prolongation of the output of transmitter from the motor nerve contributes to it.5. The cat soleus muscle was shown to be more sensitive to neostigmine than were the other three muscles studied, and acetylcholinesterase determinations showed that this muscle possesses less enzyme activity.6. It is concluded that an increase in transmitter output, coupled with a weaker cholinesterase activity, probably accounts for the post-tetanic repetitive activity in the cat soleus muscle.7. Post-tetanic repetitive firing was absent in cat soleus muscles which had been cross-innervated with the nerve formerly innervating a fast-contracting muscle.
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PMID:Post-tetanic and drug-induced repetitive firing in the soleus muscle of the cat. 430 27

Several markers of chick neuroretinal differentiation were monitored in vivo and in culture. All increase markedly between 7 and 20 days of embryonic development in vivo. In vitro, endogenous GABA levels decrease almost immediately, while other neuronal markers increase as in vivo for 2 to 5 days before declining (choline acetyltransferase, acetyl cholinesterase, glutamic acid decarboxylase). Neuronal cell surface markers (binding sites for tetanus toxin, alpha-bungarotoxin, muscimol), however, reach maximal levels only after 8 days in vitro. Glial markers such as carbonic anhydrase and hydrocortisone-induced glutamine synthetase activities are also expressed only transiently in culture.
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PMID:Expression of differentiation markers by chick embryo neuroretinal cells in vivo and in culture. 614 Feb 94

We have previously shown that the P19 line of embryonal carcinoma cells develops into neurons, astroglia, and fibroblasts after aggregation and exposure to retinoic acid. The neurons were initially identified by their morphology and by the presence of neurofilaments within their cytoplasm. We have more fully documented the neuronal nature of these cells by showing that their cell surfaces display tetanus toxin receptors, a neuronal cell marker, and that choline acetyl-transferase and acetyl cholinesterase activities appear coordinately in neuron-containing cultures. Several days before the appearance of neurons, there is a marked decrease in the amount of an embryonal carcinoma surface antigen, and at the same time there is a substantial decrease in the volumes of individual cells. Various retinoids were able to induce the development of neurons in cultures of aggregated P19 cells, but it did not appear that polyamine metabolism was involved in the effect. We have isolated a mutant clone which does not differentiate in the presence of any of the drugs which are normally effective in inducing differentiation of P19 cells. This mutant and others may help to elucidate the chain of events triggered by retinoic acid and other differentiation-inducing drugs.
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PMID:Retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. 665 66

Following a brief review of the aetiopathogenesis, symptomatology and treatment of tetanus infection, a personal series of 31 patients (14 males and 17 females aged between 26 and 89) is considered. The patients were admitted between May 1970 and May 1978 to the Alessandria Civil Hospital Resuscitation workers, it is shown that mortality from tetanus increases steadily with the increasing age of patients. It is also observed that the introduction of Ossime therapy has reduced curarizing drugs. As a result of the cholinesterase-restoring effect of Ossime, a normalization in the transit of inhibitor stimuli on muscle tone and hence a reduction in hypertone is hypothesized.
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PMID:[Resuscitation in the treatment of severe tetanus: clinical experiences]. 700 19


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