Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cat muscle spindles were studied histochemically in serial transverse sections of the tenuissimus muscle stained for myofibrillar ATPase, cholinesterase or NADH-tetrazolium reductase. The terminal sites of the primary and secondary axons on intrafusal muscle fibers could be demonstrated due to their high NADH-TR activity. This sensory NADH-TR reactivity at the equator and in the juxtaequatorial regions disappeared following spindle chronic de-afferentation, but not after de-efferentation. Spindle poles that carried both primary and secondary sensory endings had a longer periaxial fluid space than poles with primary endings only, and their motor innervation, as determined by staining for ChE, was positioned at the greater distance from the equator. Some of the secondary endings occurred in intrafusal regions that displayed surface fiber ChE activity. The histochemical reaction for NADH-TR represents a simple, rapid and reliable method for studies of the distribution of sensory nerve terminals in the spindle.
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PMID:Appearance of sensory nerve terminals in cat muscle spindles stained for NADH-tetrazolium reductase. 617 8

Enzyme histological changes have been studied in several optic projection areas after right optic nerve lesion in goldfish. An increase in acid phosphatase activity was found in the optic tectum, nucleus rotundus, nucleus geniculatus lateralis and area pretectalis between 2 and 15 days postoperatively. The enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH tetrazolium reductase, cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase showed a decrease in activity in all or some of these projection areas. No changes were found in acetylcholinesterase activity after optic nerve lesions. Three weeks postoperatively, all enzyme activities returned to the same level as on the normal side. The results are discussed in relation to possible neurotransmitters in goldfish optic terminals.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical changes in some optic projection areas of the goldfish after optic nerve lesions. 626 19

Muscle spindles were examined histochemically in serial transverse sections of cat tenuissimus muscles. The myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) staining reaction was used to identify nuclear bag1, bag2 and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers. Regional differences in ATPase staining occurred along the bag1 and bag2 fibers but not along the chain fibers. All intrafusal fiber types displayed regional variability in staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR). Motor nerve terminals were demonstrated along the poles of bag1, bag2 and chain fibers by staining for cholinesterase (ChE). There was no consistent spatial correlation between the intensity of regional ATPase staining along the bag fibers and location, number or type of motor endings. However, most ChE deposits occurred in intrafusal fiber regions that displayed the greatest NADH-TR variability. Some fiber poles or whole intrafusal fibers were devoid of any ChE deposits but their ATPase and NADH-TR content was comparable to that of fibers bearing ChE deposits. The observations suggested that motor nerve fibers per se may not play a major role in determining the histoenzymatic content of intrafusal fibers.
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PMID:Histochemical profiles of cat intrafusal muscle fibers and their motor innervation. 646 12

Muscle spindles were studied histochemically in serial transverse sections of 42 cat tenuissimus muscle specimens. Staining for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase was employed to identify nuclear bag 1, nuclear bag 2, and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers. The nuclear chain fibers were further subdivided into three categories according to their polar length and the intensity of their staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase. A total of 430 spindle poles were surveyed. The mean spindle content of bag 1, bag 2, and chain fibers was established. The mean polar length of intrafusal fibers as well as that of the intracapsular and extracapsular spindle regions was determined. A cholinesterase (ChE) staining technique was used to demonstrate the termination sites of motor axons along intrafusal fibers. Two types of circumscribed ChE deposits. The "rim" and the "plate," occurred on the fibers. The nuclear chain fibers usually carried both the ChE rims and plates, while most nuclear fibers displayed only the plates. The ChE plates were assessed in term of their appearance, staining intensity, length, and location along the fibers. The mean number of ChE plates found along the fibers was established for each of the various intrafusal fiber types. These histochemical observations are discussed with regard to the current concepts of cat spindle morphology and motor innervation. The results suggest a degree of predictability in the spindle fiber content and in the distribution of motor nerve terminals along intrafusal muscle fibers, at least in the tenuissimus muscle.
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PMID:Morphometric studies on tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat. 646 Aug 72

To examine the morphological sequence of regenerating fibers after myonecrosis in dystrophic muscles, 0.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride (BPVC) (Marcaine) solution, a local anesthetic with a cytotoxic effect on the muscle fibers, was injected directly into the dystrophic (line 413) and nondystrophic (line 412) posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of young and adult chickens. Although the dystrophic muscles after BPVC injection showed a rapid recovery with a similar tempo to that of nondystrophic ones, they showed different morphological behavior in the early phase of regeneration, including marked variability in the size of fibers and in the intracytoplasmic enzyme activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and nonspecific esterase (NSE).
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PMID:Regenerative capability of skeletal muscle in chicken muscular dystrophy. 673 79

Cat tenuissmus muscles were deprived of motor nerve supply for three months by sectioning of the appropriate ventral spinal roots. Muscle spindles were located in the chronically de-efferented muscles and examined histochemically in serial transverse sections. Staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase showed that the spindle sensory innervation was preserved. The de-efferented intrafusal muscle fibers retained their differential staining with the reaction for myosin adenosine triphosphatase. However, all cholinesterase-active areas that are normally found along nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibers demonstrated loss of the enzyme activity in the chronically de-efferented spindles. It is concluded that all histochemically demonstrable cholinesterase activity within the cat muscle spindle is dependent upon the continuous presence of motor innervation.
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PMID:Examination of chronically de-efferented cat muscle spindles for cholinesterase activity. 706 45

Coated and noncoated vesicles participate in cellular protein transport. Both acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are transported via coated vesicles, some of which accumulate beneath the neuromuscular synapse where AChRs cluster. To investigate the mechanisms by which these proteins are transported during postsynaptic remodeling, we purified coated vesicles from the bovine brain via column chromatography (Sephacryl S-1000) and raised monoclonal antibodies to epitopes of the vesicular membranes enriched in AChE. We assayed for AChE (coated vesicle enriched), hexosaminidase (lysosomal contaminants), NADH cytochrome C reductase (mitochondrial containing), and protein and demonstrated electron microscopically using negative staining that the vesicular fraction contained 95% pure coated vesicles. We then injected coated vesicle fractions and the fractions from which the coat was removed intraperitoneally into mice and obtained three monoclonal antibodies: C-33, C-172, and F-22. On immunoblots of purified vesicles and cultured skeletal muscle, mAb C-33 stained a 180 Kd band and mAb C-172 stained a 100 kd band. MAb F-22 stained 50 kd and 55 kd bands and was not characterized further. Immunofluorescent microscopy with C-33 and C-172 revealed punctate fluorescence whose distribution depends upon the stage of myotube development. Four days after plating, myotubes showed punctate fluorescence throughout the myotube, whereas those stained 8 days after plating showed a punctate perinuclear distribution. Myotubes innervated by ciliary neurons show punctate fluorescence limited to the nuclear periphery and most concentrated around nuclei which line up beneath neuronal processes. This differential vesicular distribution, observed during myotube differentiation and innervation, suggests that these vesicles participate in vesicular membrane traffic.
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PMID:Differential distribution of vesicular carriers during differentiation and synapse formation. 826 42

This review surveys the use of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of cardiovascular drugs. Each section presents examples of separations according to the class of the cardiovascular agent. The classes presented are beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, dieuretics, alpha-adrenergic antagonists, calcium channel blockers, cardiac glycosides, hypolipidemics (HmG-CoA reductase inhibitors and fibric acid), vasodilators and sodium channel blockers. Examples of the separation modes discussed include capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography using many additives (e.g. sodium dodecyl sulfate, cyclodextrins, bile salts, proteins, oligosaccharides) and isotachophoresis.
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PMID:Capillary electrophoresis of cardiovascular drugs. 876 40

This in vitro study was designed to identify the enzyme(s) involved in the two major metabolic pathways of rokitamycin [formations of leucomycin A7 (LMA7) from rokitamycin and of leucomycin V (LMV) from LMA7] and to assess possible drug interactions using human liver microsomes. Formation of LMA7 or LMV was NADPH-independent. Anti-rat NADPH cytochrome P-450 (CYP) reductase serum, specific inhibitors, or substrates of CYP isoforms showed no effects on the formation of LMA7 or LMV. The mean Vmax and Vmax/Km for the formation of LMA7 from rokitamycin were much greater (P <.01) than those for the formation of LMV from LMA7. Two esterase inhibitors, bis-nitro-phenylphosphate and physostigmine (100 microM), inhibited the formation of LMA7 or LMV by more than 85%, whereas no appreciable inhibition occurred by several substrates of carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1). Except the moderate inhibition produced by promethazine and terfenadine, theophylline, mequitazine, chlorpheniramine, and diphenhydramine showed little or no inhibition for the formation of LMA7 or LMV. Rokitamycin, LMA7, LMV, erythromycin, and clarithromycin (up to 500 microM) had no appreciable inhibition for CYP1A2-, 2C9-, and 2D6-mediated catalytic reactions. However, rokitamycin, LMA7, erythromycin, and clarithromycin inhibited the CYP3A4-catalyzed triazolam alpha-hydroxylation with IC50 (Ki) values of 5.8 (2.0), 40, 33 (20), and 56 (43) microM, respectively. It is concluded that the formations of LMA7 from rokitamycin and of LMV from LMA7 are catalyzed mainly by human esterase enzyme [possibly cholinesterase (EC3.1.1.8)]. However, whether rokitamycin would inhibit the CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism in vivo requires further investigations in patients.
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PMID:An in vitro study on the metabolism and possible drug interactions of rokitamycin, a macrolide antibiotic, using human liver microsomes. 1038 20

To investigate the features of erythrocyte metabolism in extremely immature infants, we assayed 21 enzyme activities and glutathione level in cord erythrocytes from 28 extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBWI; defined as birth weight <1,000 g). The results were compared with those from normal adults and non-neonatal reticulocyte-rich controls. Statistical analysis revealed that activities of six enzymes (glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione reductase) were significantly higher, and those of eight other enzymes (phosphofructokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione peroxidase, adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, acetylcholinesterase, NADH methemoglobin reductase, and catalase) were lower in ELBWI taking their marked reticulocytosis into consideration. The 6PGD/G6PD ratio, which is consistently unchanged under various physiological and pathological conditions, was markedly reduced in ELBWI. Our results support the previous reports that neonatal erythrocytes have a unique metabolic pattern which is different from that of adult erythrocytes, and also suggest that the 6PGD/G6PD ratio might be an index for the developmental immaturity of fetal erythrocytes. This is the first report describing the pattern of erythrocyte enzyme activities in ELBWI.
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PMID:Erythrocyte enzyme activities in cord blood of extremely low-birth-weight infants. 1050 2


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