Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pieces of hairy skin tissue of fetal rat were transplanted into the anterior eye chamber of adult rats. The ability of autonomic and sensory nerve fibers from the host iris to innervate the grafted skin tissue was immunohistochemically and enzyme-histochemically examined using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and a reaction medium for acetylcholinesterase (AchE). The grafted tissue was successfully implanted and connected with the host iris. Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, hairs, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and piloerector muscles developed in the graft. Two weeks after transplantation, TH-, SP-, and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were observed in association with the blood vessels in the graft. Four weeks after transplantation, TH-immunoreactive fibers were distributed in the piloerector muscles, whereas SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were present around the hair follicles. VIP-immunoreactive and AchE-positive fibers were restricted to the host iris at all survival times. These results suggest that the outgrowth of autonomic and sensory nerve fibers from the host iris show target specificity for the grafted skin tissue.
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PMID:Target-specific innervation by autonomic and sensory nerve fibers in hairy fetal skin transplanted into the anterior eye chamber of adult rat. 172 32

Histochemical, immunocytochemical, and radioenzymatic techniques were used to examine the neurotransmitter-related properties of the innervation of thoracic hairy skin in rats during adulthood and postnatal development. In the adult, catecholamine-containing fibers were associated with blood vessels and piloerector muscles, and ran in nerve bundles throughout the dermis. The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers was identical. Neuronal fibers displaying neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity were seen in association with blood vessels. Double-labeling studies suggested that most, if not all, NPY-IR fibers were also TH-IR and likewise most, if not all, vessel-associated TH-IR fibers were also NPY-IR. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR fibers were observed near and penetrating into the epidermis, in close association with hair follicles and blood vessels, and in nerve bundles. A similar distribution of substance P (SP)-IR fibers was evident. In adult animals treated as neonates with the sympathetic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, a virtual absence of TH-IR and NPY-IR fibers was observed, whereas the distribution of CGRP-IR and SP-IR fibers appeared unaltered. During postnatal development, a generalized increase in the number, fluorescence intensity, and varicose morphology of neuronal fibers displaying catecholamine fluorescence, NPY-IR, CGRP-IR, and SP-IR was observed. By postnatal day 21, the distribution of the above fibers had reached essentially adult levels, although the density of epidermal-associated CGRP-IR and SP-IR fibers was significantly greater than in the adult. The following were not evident in thoracic hairy skin at any timepoint examined: choline acetyltransferase activity, acetylcholinesterase histochemical staining or immunoreactivity, fibers displaying immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, or leucine-enkephalin. The present study demonstrates that the thoracic hairy skin in developing and adult rats receives an abundant sympathetic catecholaminergic and sensory innervation, but not a cholinergic innervation.
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PMID:Postnatal development of autonomic and sensory innervation of thoracic hairy skin in the rat. A histochemical, immunocytochemical, and radioenzymatic study. 197 33

Encapsulated nerve endings in the hairy skin of mice were identified by means of cholinesterase histochemistry. They were especially numerous in the dorsal skin of the ear and where totals ranged from 150 to 597; clustering of corpuscles was an obvious feature. The use of silver impregnation as a counterstain revealed that clusters comprised one or more sets of lamellated corpuscles, each being attached to a single parent axon. The members of each set resembled one another morphologically. Corpuscles from different sets could be classified as simple, branched or coiled. In the hairy skin of cheek, trunk and hindlimb a much lower density of corpuscles was observed; they were all simple in form and occurred in small clusters.
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PMID:Encapsulated nerve endings in murine dorsal ear skin. 263 May 36

A daily dose of 3 x 10(6) or 6 x 10(6) units of alpha-interferon was given during two 4- to 6-month periods to a 65-yr-old male patient with hairy cell leukemia, reducing splenomegaly and decreasing the number of hairy cells. Liver biopsy specimens taken during treatment revealed predominantly decreased hairy cell infiltration in the dilated sinusoids and enlarged or vacuolar nuclei of hepatocytes, compared with those in the liver before treatment. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes in specimens taken during treatment showed cytoplasmic vacuoles, weakly stained glycogen particles, and conspicuously decreased endoplasmic reticulum. Liver tests revealed decreased serum cholinesterase and total cholesterol levels in the early stage of treatment, low levels of total protein and albumin during treatment, and a very low value in the [13C]aminopyrine breath test. No clinical reports have been made on the decreased microsomal function during treatment with interferon. alpha-Interferon damaged the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes, although it was effective for the reduction of hairy cells in the liver of hairy cell leukemia.
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PMID:The effect of alpha-interferon on the liver in a patient with hairy cell leukemia: light and electron microscopic studies. 275 86

The distribution and origin of perivascular acetylcholinesterase-active and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers were studied in the rat lower lip by means of acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunohistochemistry. The perivascular nerve fibers stained intensely with both histochemical techniques and were widely distributed on small arteries and arterioles of the lower lip, especially in the transitional zone between the hairy skin and the mucous membrane. The distributions of the two types of fibers were very similar and most of them showed overlapping coloration, on consecutive staining for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholinesterase. Both acetylcholinesterase-positive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive fibers were completely lost on removal of the otic ganglion, while they were not affected by sympathetic ganglion removal or sensory nerve sectioning. In the otic ganglion, most cells exhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, and about 60% of the cells showed light to heavy vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity. These findings indicate that vessels in the rat lip are innervated by parasympathetic fibers originating from the otic ganglion and support the view that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is present in cholinergic neurons. This may suggest the possible control by the parasympathetic nervous system of cutaneous blood vessels through vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing cholinergic neurons, in general or at least in the facial area.
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PMID:Parasympathetic innervation of cutaneous blood vessels by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves: histochemical and experimental study on rat lower lip. 339 85

Neurohistologic investigations on 16 autotransplants of the rabbit ear ranging from 3 weeks to 18 months after replantation are described. This study investigated degeneration and regeneration of the adrenergic nerves of the vascular system and the afferent endings in hairy skin. Histochemical techniques, including hematoxylin-eosin staining by cholinesterase and glyoxylic acid fluorescence, and impregnation techniques with silver and osmium-zinc iodide were used. Central nerve reinnervation was started as early as 3 weeks after autotransplantation and usually was completed after 8 weeks. Spotty small areas of incomplete reinnervation could be found in the skin adnexa (hairs) even after 18 months. After transplantation the regeneration nerves were not attached to the vascular wall and were not incorporated in the Schwann cells of the distal parts of the transected and repaired vessels. The newly formed adrenergic nerve plexus was less dense than the normal one. Areas of patchy reinnervation and denervation were observed in peripheral vessels after 18 months. The defects in the restoration of the adrenergic vascular plexus similar to insufficient afferent reinnervation of skin and vessels may be responsible for the cold intolerance seen clinically and experimentally.
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PMID:The nerve response after autotransplantation of the rabbit ear. 669 30

The dermal neural plexus have been studied in 8 mature persons during the first 6 h after death. The cholinergic neural elements have been revealed by means of Karnovsky -- Roots' method, the adrenergic ones -- by means of incubation in 2% solution of glyoxylic acid. A high acetylcholinesterase activity is displayed in the main dermal neural plexus, from the latter fasciculi of neural fibres go to the blood vessel walls, to the hairy bursae and to the secretory parts of the sweat gland. Together with the parasympathetic neural fibres, sensitive neural fibres are detected in this plexus. The adrenergic neural fibres are mainly found in the terminal neural plexus surrounding the blood vessels, in deep layers of the derma. A suggestion is made that the mediator of the sympathetic plexus gets into the dermal derivatives by the way of diffusion.
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PMID:[Structure of the main and terminal sections of the cholinergic and adrenergic neural plexuses in human skin]. 704 96

A histomorphological and histochemical study was made on the nerve supply to the apocrine sweat glands in the general hairy skin of the goat. In harmony with the previous report that the sweat glands in the goat are functionally under the control of sympathetic nervous system, the present study clearly demonstrates cholinesterase-reactive nerve fibers that closely surround the secretory portion of these glands in most of the hairy skin area, though the nerve network is fairly coarse. Analysis with cholinesterase inhibitors indicated that the sudomotor nerves in the goat contain both specific and non-specific cholinesterase.
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PMID:Morphological evidence for the innervation of apocrine sweat glands in the general hairy skin of the goat. 731 44

The apocrine glands of the oral angle of the squirrel, and of the hairy skin of the body and the anal sacs of the cat possess cholinergic and adrenergic innervation. Their secretory tubules are enlaced by cholinergic nerves containing chiefly non-specific cholinesterase; the acetylcholinesterase concentration in them is very low in the squirrel and i the glands of the skin of the cat's body, and higher in the glands of the anal sac of the cat. The adrenergic nerve fibers of the apocrine glands possess a very low monoamine oxidase concentration; however, their nonmyelinated terminals, lying on the secretory cells and reaching the lumen of the secretory division, are rich in monoamine oxidase. The innervation of the apocrine and eccrine sweat glands is very similar; in the nerves of the apocrine glands, the acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase concentrations are lower in comparison with the nerves of the eccrine glands; the monoamine oxidase concentration is also lower in cells of the apocrine glands. The question of the essential similarity of the innervation of both types of skin glands - skin and sebaceous - is discussed.
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PMID:Innervation of the apocrine sweat glands. 734 28

While the majority of sympathetic neurons are noradrenergic, a minority population are cholinergic. At least one population of cholinergic sympathetic neurons arises during development by a target-dependent conversion from an initial noradrenergic phenotype. Evidence for retrograde specification has been obtained from transplantation studies in which sympathetic neurons that normally express a noradrenergic phenotype throughout life were induced to innervate sweat glands, a target normally innervated by cholinergic sympathetic neurons. This was accomplished by transplanting footpad skin containing sweat gland primordia from early postnatal donor rats to the hairy skin region of host rats. The sympathetic neurons innervating the novel target decreased their expression of noradrenergic traits and developed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. In addition, many sweat gland-associated fibers acquired acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining and VIP immunoreactivity. These studies indicate that sympathetic neurons in vivo alter their neurotransmitter phenotype in response to novel environmental signals and that sweat glands play a critical role in the cholinergic and peptidergic differentiation of the sympathetic neurons that innervate them. The sweat gland-derived cholinergic differentiation factor is distinct from leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor, two well-characterized cytokines that alter the neurotransmitter properties of cultured sympathetic neurons in a similar fashion. Recent studies indicate that anterograde signalling is also important for the establishment of functional synapses in this system. We have found that the production of cholinergic differentiation activity by sweat glands requires sympathetic innervation, and the acquisition and maintenance of secretory competence by sweat glands depends upon functional cholinergic innervation.
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PMID:Target determination of neurotransmitter phenotype in sympathetic neurons. 791


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