Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurotensin (NT) is a putative neurotransmitter, the central and peripheral actions of which appear to be mediated by specific high affinity receptors. Recent autoradiographic studies have localized a high proportion of these NT receptors over nerve cell bodies in rat basal forebrain. In the present study, monoiodo-NT-labeled binding sites are shown by combined autoradiography and cholinesterase histochemistry to be selectively associated with cholinergic nerve cell bodies in the diagonal band and substantia innominata of the rat basal forebrain. This finding suggests that endogenous NT may directly influence forebrain cholinergic function in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Selective association of neurotensin receptors with cholinergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain. 283 77

We have previously shown by combined radioautography and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry that the distribution of 125I-neurotensin (NT) binding sites was in register with that of cholinergic neurons in the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). The present study utilized three experimental approaches to elaborate on the type and cellular localization of NT binding sites in the NBM. Competition studies using levocabastine, a selective blocker of the low affinity NT binding component, revealed that most of the 125I-NT binding sites labeled in the NBM are of the levocabastine-insensitive high affinity type, known to correspond to the physiologically active receptor. Ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the NBM produced a marked reduction in both cholinesterase reactivity and cellular 125I-NT binding suggesting that most of the labeled sites are associated with the cholinergic neurons themselves rather than with an afferent input to those cells. Finally, examination of the high resolution radioautographic distribution of 125I-NT binding sites in semithin sections revealed that a proportion of 125I-NT-labeled receptors is associated with the plasma membrane of magnocellular perikarya and proximal processes, thereby providing an anatomical substrate for a local action of NT in the NBM.
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PMID:Anatomical substrate for neurotensin-acetylcholine interactions in the rat basal forebrain. 285 24

The immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), Neurotensin (NT), cholecystokinin (CCK), Neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) in rat Harderian glands was examined. Numerous VIP- and CCK-like immunoreactive nerves were found in close apposition to the acini. Sparse numbers of NT-, NPY-, and CGRP-like immunoreactive nerves were observed in close proximity to the acini and blood vessels. Some VIP-like immunoreactive nerves were shown to be co-localized with acetylcholinesterase-positive cholinergic nerves.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the rat Harderian gland. 288 42

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ntdl) contains a cluster of cells located just medial to the locus coeruleus in the pontine brainstem. The ntdl has been shown to project both rostrally to the forebrain and diencephalon and caudally to the spinal cord. In an effort to characterize this region neurochemically, the present study was conducted to identify a variety of neurochemicals localized within perikarya and fibers of the ntdl and surrounding nuclei. Rats were perfused with formalin, and brain sections were processed for fluorescence immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of the neurochemicals screened, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin B (Dyn B), galanin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin (5HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied. AChE and ChAT staining revealed that the ntdl contains mostly cholinergic neurons. In addition, brightly reactive substance P and galanin and paler staining CRF, ANF, CGRP, NT, VIP, and Dyn B cell bodies were found within the ntdl. Varicose fibers in this nucleus also contained these peptides in addition to CCK, GAD, TH, 5HT, and NPY. The dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial region contained a dense and varied assortment of peptides with distinct positions and patterns. This multiplicity of neurochemicals within this area suggests a possible influence on a variety of functions modulated by the ntdl and other closely associated tegmental nuclei.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. 289 81

The distribution of neurotensin binding sites was mapped in the brain of the common marmoset using [3H]neurotensin as the ligand. Autoradiographic techniques show that the density of receptors is particularly high in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubercle and cerebral cortex and that the distribution of neurotensin receptors in the cerebral cortex and striatum is heterogenous. In the cerebral cortex neurotensin receptors are concentrated in layers I, II, III and V, whilst receptor density is generally less in all layers of middle temporal cortex. Striatal neurotensin receptors conformed to a striosomal distribution as defined by acetylcholinesterase staining with the highest density of binding sites in the matrix. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine selectively destroyed over 80% of the dopaminergic neurons of the marmoset substantia nigra and almost 60% of those in the adjacent ventral tegmental area. The subsequent loss of a large proportion of neurotensin receptors from marmoset substantia nigra and striatum suggests their presence on the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway.
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PMID:Localization of neurotensin receptors in the forebrain of the common marmoset and the effects of treatment with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. 303 64

The topographic distribution of specifically labeled neurotensin binding sites was examined by light microscopic radioautography in rat brain sections incubated with monoiodo [125I]Tyr3-neurotensin. Preliminary experiments indicated that under the present experimental conditions [125I]neurotensin specifically binds to a single apparent population of sites with a dissociation constant of 7.7 +/- 0.3 nM, and that fixation of the labeled sections with glutaraldehyde ensures regionally proportional retention of more than 70% of bound [125I]neurotensin molecules. High concentrations of [125I]neurotensin binding sites were detected in the olfactory bulb and tubercle, parts of the neocortex, the lateral septum, the diagonal band of Broca, the caudate putamen, the amygdala, the dentate gyrus, the anterior dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the medial habenula, the zona incerta, the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. In certain areas, such as in the diagonal band of Broca, the substantia innominata, the nucleus basalis and the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, discrete accumulations of silver grains were apparent over neuronal perikarya and their proximal dendrites. In most areas, however, the label appeared more or less uniformly distributed over nerve cell bodies and surrounding neuropil. In several instances, the labeling conformed with the distribution of cell bodies of origin and terminal aborizations of specific projection systems, suggesting that neurotensin receptors might be distributed both proximally and distally on the plasma membrane of certain neurons. Such putative "neurotensinoceptive" projection systems might involve part of the mesostriatal, mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems, as well as the raphe-prosencephalic serotonin system and the habenulo-interpeduncular and basal forebrain-cortical cholinergic systems. Finally, areas of dense [125I]neurotensin labeling often corresponded to zones previously shown to exhibit intense acetylcholinesterase staining, suggesting the existence of a possible link between the expression of neurotensin binding sites and that of acetylcholinesterase in certain neuronal populations.
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PMID:Distribution of neurotensin binding sites in rat brain: a light microscopic radioautographic study using monoiodo [125I]Tyr3-neurotensin. 331 97

Specific high-affinity neurotensin binding sites were labeled in sections of the rat caudal brainstem using a monoiodinated ligand, and their distribution was examined by light microscopic radioautography after fixation with glutaraldehyde. In the medulla, labeled binding sites were mainly concentrated within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the external cuneate nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the medial vestibular nucleus, the retrofacial nucleus, the linearis nucleus, the paragigantocellular nucleus and the nucleus raphe pallidus. Within the pons, neurotensin binding sites were detected in the reticulotegmental nucleus, the pontine nuclei, the dorsal tegmental nucleus, the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei and the nuclei raphe dorsalis and medianus. Most nuclei found here to contain high densities of neurotensin binding sites have been shown to stain intensely for acetylcholinesterase, suggesting a possible association between this enzyme and neurotensin receptors.
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PMID:Distribution of neurotensin binding sites in the caudal brainstem of the rat: a light microscopic radioautographic study. 368 60

This paper describes a method for dissociation of intrinsic neurones from the atria and interatrial septum of newborn guinea-pig heart and their maintenance in culture. The appearance of the cultured intracardiac neurones, muscle and other non-neuronal cell types also present in the preparation has been observed by phase-contrast microscopy. Some of the neurochemical properties of the intracardiac neurones in culture have been investigated using histochemical methods. All the neurones studied were shown to contain acetylcholinesterase. No catecholamine-containing neurones were found. Using an indirect immunofluorescence technique, 20-50% of clearly identifiable neurones in culture contained neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive neurones were found in only one out of 15 culture preparations; no substance P-, neurotensin-, or enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was observed. These findings are consistent with those described for intracardiac neurones studied in situ, suggesting that the neurochemical differentiation of the intrinsic heart neurones is retained in culture. The culture preparation provides an opportunity to study the properties and role of intrinsic neurones of the heart. The characteristics of the intracardiac neurones may be distinguished from those of the extrinsic nerve fibres which degenerate in culture. Further, the intracardiac neurones are more accessible to experimental manipulation in culture than in situ.
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PMID:Intrinsic neurones and associated cells of the guinea-pig heart in culture. 394 57

Four peptides--vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin and a peptide-like avian pancreatic polypeptide--have been found in nerves of the human male genitalia using highly sensitive and specific methods of immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Five other peptides (met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, bombesin and cholecystokinin-8) were absent. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was the most abundant peptide, its highest concentration being in the proximal corpus cavernosum. Immunoelectron microscopy localized this peptide to large (97 +/- 20 nm), round, electron-dense granules of p-type nerve terminals. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were found in the prostate gland and the root of the corpus cavernosum. Substance P immunoreactive material was present in smaller concentration and was mainly localized in nerves around the corpuscular receptors of the glans penis. Somatostatin immunoreactive nerves were associated mainly with the smooth muscle of the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens. When antiserum to avian pancreatic polypeptide was applied, certain nerves were stained, particularly in the vas deferens, the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle. However, chromatography detected no pure avian pancreatic polypeptide suggesting the presence of a structurally related substance, possibly neuropeptide Y, which cross-reacts with the avian pancreatic polypeptide antiserum. Similar distributions between vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves and between avian pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive and adrenergic nerves were observed. A general neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase, was used to investigate the general pattern of the organ's innervation. The abundance and distribution patterns of these peptide-immunoreactive nerves indicate that they may play important roles in the male sexual physiology.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the human male genital tract. 619 58

The adult corpus striatum in mammals is divided into distinct histochemical compartments. If the cat caudate nucleus is stained for acetylcholinesterase a number of macroscopically visible zones appear that have lower acetylcholinesterase activity than the surrounding tissue. These patches, called 'striosomes', correspond to regions of high [Met]-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity and dense opiate receptor binding and are related to the uneven distribution of striatal efferent neurones and cortical afferent terminations. One of the highest concentrations of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity is in the striatum and the immunoreactive material co-elutes with synthetic neurotensin on gel chromatography. Recently, we have found that neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the cat caudate nucleus coincides with the striosomes. We have now localized neurotensin receptors in the cat caudate nucleus by autoradiography and found low density in the neurotensin-rich striosomes and a high density in the neurotensin-poor surrounding tissue.
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PMID:Inverse relationship between neurotensin receptors and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in cat striatum. 632 12


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