Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of aging on the growth hormone (GH) response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) alone and in combination with either the neuropeptide galanin or the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine (PD) in normal subjects. In protocol 1 (GHRH/galanin), 9 old healthy volunteers, ranging in age from 68 to 97 years, and 6 young subjects, ranging in age from 25 to 31 years, received: (a) human GHRH (1-29)NH2, 100 micrograms in 1 ml saline, as an intravenous bolus, and (b) porcine galanin, 500 micrograms in 100 ml saline, as an intravenous infusion from -10 to 30 min combined with GHRH, 100 micrograms i.v. at time 0. In protocol 2 (GHRH/PD), 14 old healthy volunteers, ranging in age from 65 to 91 years, and 11 young subjects, ranging in age from 19 to 34 years, received: (a) GHRH (1-29)NH2, 100 micrograms in 1 ml saline, as an intravenous bolus, and (b) PD, 120 mg administered per os 60 min before GHRH, 100 micrograms as an intravenous bolus. Blood samples for GH were drawn at -75, -60 (time of PD administration), -45, -30, -15, -10 (time of beginning of galanin infusion), 0 (time of GHRH injection), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. The GH response to GHRH was significantly (< 0.05) enhanced either by galanin or PD pretreatment both in young and old subjects. However, the GH response to GHRH alone or combined with either galanin or PD was significantly greater in the young subjects as compared to the old subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparative effect of galanin and pyridostigmine on the growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal aged subjects. 128 83

Age-related changes in the cholinergic cells have been reported in the rat medial septal area. The neuropeptide galanin is colocalized with acetylcholine in the majority of the medial septal neurons. To assess possible age-related changes in the galanin-containing septal cells, we have examined, with immunohistochemical methods, the distribution pattern, density, and morphological features of galanin-containing cells in the rat medial septal nucleus (MS) and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (DBB) in 1, 3-6, 9-12, 16-18, 24-27, and 28-30 month-old rats. A morphometric computerized analysis was also performed. In addition, the intensity of the immunolabelling was measured by densitometry. Galanin-like immunoreactivity (galanin-LI) was present in both the MS and the DBB. Our results clearly indicate a progressive age-related decrease in the number of galanin-positive cells throughout the MS-DBB complex. Our quantitative study revealed a significant loss of galanin-positive cells in the MS-DBB complex of 16-18 (50.4%), 24-27 (52.3%), and 28-30 (52.4%) month-old rats compared to 3-6 month-old animals. A non-significant reduction (28.6%) in galanin-LI cell number was observed in 3-6 month-old rats compared to 1 month-old animals. The morphometric analysis demonstrated a significant reduction (18%) in the surface of galanin-positive cells remaining in the 28-30 month-old group. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the immunolabelling intensity was consistently observed in animals of 16 month-old and older. To determine whether changes in galanin-positive cells were associated with cholinergic changes, the number of cells stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was estimated in 3-6, 9-12, 16-18, and 24-27 month-old rats. There was a 43% decrease in the number of AChE-positive cells and a 71% loss of galanin-positive cells in 24-27 month-old rats compared to 3-6 month-old. The galanin-cell loss in the medial septal area was therefore associated with a parallel, although smaller, cholinergic septal cell loss.
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PMID:Age-related changes in galanin-immunoreactive cells of the rat medial septal area. 172 37

Detailed maps of neurochemicals in the locus coeruleus and adjacent dorsal tegmental areas are discussed in this chapter. The locus coeruleus appears to be one of the most complex brain regions with six neurochemicals (acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, galanin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, and vasoactive intestinal protein) contained within the cell bodies.
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PMID:Neurochemicals in the dorsal pontine tegmentum. 172 29

The putative cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and fibers in the hippocampus were studied in relation to galanin (GAL)-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the owl monkey by the use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in combination with immunocytochemistry. Virtually all of the AChE-reactive somata within the medial septal nucleus, diagonal band and nucleus basalis and hippocampal AChE reactive fibers and varicosities co-contained GAL-LI. The more extensive distribution of GAL-like peptide in the cholinergic forebrain of the monkey (as compared to the rat) may reflect an increased importance of this peptide(s) in cotransmission processes in this region in higher animals.
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PMID:A galanin-like peptide coexists in putative cholinergic somata of the septum-basal forebrain complex and in acetylcholinesterase-containing fibers and varicosities within the hippocampus in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). 242 7

The neuronal subpopulations in the cat stellate, lower lumbar and sacral sympathetic ganglia were studied with regard to the cellular distribution of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and various neuronal peptides. Coexistence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and galanin (GAL)-like immunoreactivity (LI) was found in a high proportion of the neuronal cell bodies; these cells also contained immunoreactivity to TH, confirming their presumably noradrenergic nature. Some TH- and GAL-immunoreactive principal ganglion cells lacked NPY-LI. Two populations (scattered and clustered) of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI)-positive cell bodies were found in the sympathetic ganglia studied. The scattered VIP/PHI neurons also contained AChE-LI, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-and, following culture, substance P (SP)-LI. The clustered type only contained AChE-LI. In the submandibular and sphenopalatine ganglia, neurons were AChE- and VIP/PHI-immunoreactive but lacked CGRP- and SP-LI. Many GAL- and occasional TH-positive neurons were found in these ganglia. In the spinal ganglia, single NPY-immunoreactive sensory neuronal cells were observed, in addition to CGRP- and SP-positive neurons. The present results show that there are at least two populations of sympathetic cholinergic neurons in the cat. Retrograde tracing experiments indicate that the scattered type of cholinergic neurons contains four vasodilator peptides (VIP, PHI, CGRP, SP) and provides an important input to sweat glands, whereas the clustered type (containing VIP and PHI) mainly innervates blood vessels in muscles.
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PMID:NPY-, galanin-, VIP/PHI-, CGRP- and substance P-immunoreactive neuronal subpopulations in cat autonomic and sensory ganglia and their projections. 247 96

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ntdl) contains a cluster of cells located just medial to the locus coeruleus in the pontine brainstem. The ntdl has been shown to project both rostrally to the forebrain and diencephalon and caudally to the spinal cord. In an effort to characterize this region neurochemically, the present study was conducted to identify a variety of neurochemicals localized within perikarya and fibers of the ntdl and surrounding nuclei. Rats were perfused with formalin, and brain sections were processed for fluorescence immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of the neurochemicals screened, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin B (Dyn B), galanin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin (5HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied. AChE and ChAT staining revealed that the ntdl contains mostly cholinergic neurons. In addition, brightly reactive substance P and galanin and paler staining CRF, ANF, CGRP, NT, VIP, and Dyn B cell bodies were found within the ntdl. Varicose fibers in this nucleus also contained these peptides in addition to CCK, GAD, TH, 5HT, and NPY. The dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial region contained a dense and varied assortment of peptides with distinct positions and patterns. This multiplicity of neurochemicals within this area suggests a possible influence on a variety of functions modulated by the ntdl and other closely associated tegmental nuclei.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. 289 81

Central administration of galanin in the mouse dose-dependently blocked the hypothermia induced by the muscarinic receptor agonist, 2-ethyl 8-methyl-2,8-diazospiro[4,5]decan-1,3-dion hydrobromide, RS86 (minimum effective dose, MED = 3 nmol) and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tetrahydroaminoacridine, (MED = 3 nmol). This inhibitory effect was reversed over the dose range (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 nmol) by the galanin receptor antagonist galantide (MED = 0.3 nmol). Furthermore, the ATP-sensitive K+ channel blockers glibenclamide (MED = 1 nmol) and gliquidone (10 nmol) both prevented the inhibitory effects of galanin on RS86 induced hypothermia. Glibenclamide (10 nmol) also reversed the inhibitory effects of galanin on tetrahydroaminoacridine induced hypothermia. Preincubation of rat cortical membranes with galanin (10 nM, 1000 nM) in vitro had no effect on binding affinity, receptor number or pharmacology of the rat cortical muscarinic receptor. In contrast to the high affinity of glibenclamide, galanin only weakly displaced [3H]glibenclamide binding in mouse whole brain homogenates (36% at 10 microM). These studies suggest that the inhibitory effect of galanin on cholinergically mediated hypothermia induced by RS86 and tetrahydroaminoacridine may be exerted via an action at ATP-sensitive K+ channels but is unlikely to be acting directly at the site labelled by [3H]glibenclamide.
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PMID:Hypothermia induced by cholinomimetic drugs is blocked by galanin: possible involvement of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. 751 82

The distribution of galanin-containing nervous elements in the chicken pancreas was investigated by use of immunohistochemical method. Galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibres formed a perivascular plexus and a dense network in the subepithelial layer of secretory ducts. The muscle layers of secretory ducts were also supplied with galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibres. The exocrine pancreas received a supply of varicose nerve fibres showing galanin immunoreactivity. In the endocrine part, B-islets were innervated by galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibres, whereas A-islets received fewer nervous elements. Double staining combined with the immunofluorescence method for galanin and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry showed at least two types of ganglion cells in the interlobular connective tissue; one showing both acetylcholinesterase activity and galanin immunoreactivity, and the other showing acetylcholinesterase activity only. The present results demonstrate that the chicken pancreas is innervated by galanin-containing nerves of intrinsic origin and suggest that galanin coexists with acetylcholine in the chicken pancreas.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of galanin-containing nerves in the chicken pancreas. 754 Dec 63

Galanin (GAL) immunohistochemistry combined with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry was applied to demonstrate the innervation of the rat esophageal muscle coats. GAL immunoreactivity was found in a number of nerve cell bodies in the myenteric ganglia and in numerous varicose and non-varicose nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus and around blood vessels. Many GAL-positive varicose fibers ran in the internodal strands and along the striated muscle fibers. They often ramified and terminated on the muscle fibers to form arborizing structures, which were most abundant in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. Such GAL-positive terminals were localized in most (87.7%) of AChE-reactive motor endplates on the esophageal striated muscles. Left supranodose vagotomy caused a significant decrease of the GAL-arborizing terminals on the striated muscles of the esophagus. This suggests that they are terminals of efferent fibers in the vagus nerve.
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PMID:Galanin-immunoreactive nerve terminals innervating the striated muscle fibers of the rat esophagus. 754 5

Systemic administration of murine monoclonal acetylcholinesterase antibodies to rats has been shown to cause selective degeneration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. In the present study rats were subjected to a single i.v. injection of these acetylcholinesterase antibodies, or to normal IgG or saline for control. Exophthalmos, piloerection and eyelid-drooping (ptosis) were observed within 1 h after administration of the antibodies. Rats were killed at different time-points after antibody administration, and the adrenal glands were analysed by means of indirect immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. As soon as 3 h after the antibody treatment, a marked increase in the number of chromaffin cells expressing mRNA encoding, respectively, enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, neurotensin and substance P was seen. At 12 h the peptide mRNA levels were still elevated and there was a concomitant increase in the number of peptide-immunoreactive cells. All peptide levels remained high for at least 48 h; however, 77 days after the antibody treatment only enkephalin-immunoreactive cells could be encountered. A disappearance of acetylcholinesterase- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells could be encountered. A disappearance of acetylcholinesterase- and enkephalin-positive fibers was already seen 3 h after the antibody treatment, and after 24 h no fibers were encountered. In contrast, up until 48 h there was no apparent change in the number or intensity of immunofluorescent fibers expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, neurotensin or substance P. However, 77 days after the antibody treatment the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-immunoreactive fibers was increased as compared to controls. In addition, reappearance of acetylcholinesterase- and enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers was seen 77 days after antibody administration, although their number was still low as compared to controls. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry revealed that the chromaffin cells expressing peptides after the antibody treatment preferentially were adrenaline storing cells (noradrenaline-negative). The majority of these cells expressed only one peptide. Both surgical transection of the splanchnic nerve as well as treatment with acetylcholine receptor antagonists mimicked the effects seen after the acetylcholinesterase-antibody treatment, although changes were less pronounced. The present results show that interruption of splanchnic transmission induces fast, marked, and selective increases in peptide expression in rat adrenal chromaffin cells.
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PMID:Immunologically induced sympathectomy of preganglionic nerves by antibodies against acetylcholinesterase: increased levels of peptides and their messenger RNAs in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. 781 1


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