Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sturgeons belong to an ancient group of the extant actinopterygian fishes. Accordingly, the study of their brain connections is important to understand brain evolution in the line leading to teleosts. We examined the topography and connections of the various telencephalic regions of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). The telencephalic regions were characterized on the basis of acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and calbindin-D28k and calretinin immunohistochemistry. The telencephalic connections were investigated by using the fluorescent dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) in fixed brains. Application of DiI to different areas of the pallial (dorsal) regions of the telencephalic lobes showed that they have mostly intratelencephalic connections. A posterior pallial region is characterized by its similar hodology to that of the posterior zone of the teleosts dorsal telencephalon and those described in other ancient groups. Extratelencephalic connections of the pallium are scarce, although a few afferent and efferent connections with the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rostral rhombencephalon were observed. DiI application to subpallial regions showed both intratelencephalic connections and connections with different brain regions. Afferents to the subpallium originate from the olfactory bulbs, preoptic area, thalamus, posterior tuberculum, hypothalamus, secondary gustatory nucleus, and raphe nuclei. Some of these connections are quite similar to those described for other vertebrates.
...
PMID:Topography and connections of the telencephalon in a chondrostean, Acipenser baeri: an experimental study. 1673 63

The aim of this study was to determine whether age-associated alterations in the GABAergic input to pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus are due to a dysfunction of GABAergic interneurons, and/or a decrease in their cholinergic control via nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). Electrophysiological recordings were obtained from pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices from young (3-4 months old) and aged (25-30 months old) Sprague-Dawley rats. Synaptic GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials induced by stimulation of the stratum oriens were significantly smaller in aged rats. The frequency (but not amplitude) of spontaneous and miniature GABA inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) was reduced in aged rats, suggesting a presynaptic alteration. Tetanic stimulation of cholinergic afferents to release endogenous acetylcholine, or an exogenous application of the nAChR agonist cytisine, increased the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs in young rats; however these effects were not evident in aged rats, indicating that the nicotinic control of GABA release is lowered during aging. None of these age-related alterations were reversed by a chronic treatment with donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Immunofluorescent labeling of GABA interneurons with somatostatin (SOM), parvalbumin (PV) or calbindin (CB), together with the vesicular acetylcholine transporter VAChT, revealed a selective loss of subpopulations of SOM and CB positive interneurons. This loss was associated with a general decrease in density of the cholinergic network in aged rats. Thus, the lower GABAergic inhibition observed in the aged rat hippocampus is due to a selective loss/dysfunction of subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons, associated with a widespread cholinergic deficit.
...
PMID:Age-related alterations of GABAergic input to CA1 pyramidal neurons and its control by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat hippocampus. 1689 Mar 74

Connections of motor areas in the frontal cortex of prosimian galagos (Otolemur garnetti) were determined by injecting tracers into sites identified by microstimulation in the primary motor area (M1), dorsal premotor area (PMD), ventral premotor area (PMV), supplementary motor area (SMA), frontal eye field (FEF), and granular frontal cortex. Retrogradely labeled neurons for each injection were related to architectonically defined thalamic nuclei. Nissl, acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase, myelin, parvalbumin, calbindin, and Cat 301 preparations allowed the ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic regions, parvocellular and magnocellular subdivisions of ventral anterior nucleus, and anterior and posterior subdivisions of ventral lateral nucleus of monkeys to be identified. The results indicate that each cortical area receives inputs from several thalamic nuclei, but the proportions differ. M1 receives major inputs from the posterior subdivision of ventral lateral nucleus while premotor areas receive major inputs from anterior parts of ventral lateral nucleus (the anterior subdivision of ventral lateral nucleus and the anterior portion of posterior subdivision of ventral lateral nucleus). PMD and SMA have connections with more dorsal parts of the ventral lateral nucleus than PMV. The results suggest that galagos share many subdivisions of the motor thalamus and thalamocortical connection patterns with simian primates, while having less clearly differentiated subdivisions of the motor thalamus.
...
PMID:The thalamic connections of motor, premotor, and prefrontal areas of cortex in a prosimian primate (Otolemur garnetti). 1705 64

The anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) encompass a large region of the anteromedial aspect of the human thalamus. Three ATN have been classically described: anteroventral (AV), anteromedial (AM) and anterodorsal (AD). The present study has carried out histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures in the ATN of normal individuals to analyze whether these nuclei are chemically distinct. The markers used in this study were acetylcholinesterase (AChE), limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), the calcium binding proteins calbindin D-28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and calretinin (CR), and the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and enkephalin (ENK). Other cytoarchitectural and myeloarchitectural techniques, specifically Nissl and Gallyas stainings, were used to delineate the boundaries of the ATN. The main findings of this study are: 1) AChE was very abundant in the AD and was irregular or heterogeneously distributed in the AV and AM; 2) LAMP immunoreactive (ir) neuropil was present throughout the ATN and its distribution was heterogeneous in the AV and AM; 3) the ATN harbored CB-, PV- and CR-ir neurons and neuropil; and, 4) the neuropeptide analysis revealed numerous SP positive varicose fibers scattered throughout the ATN in contrast to very few ENK-ir varicose fibers. These morphological findings describe a heterogeneous chemical anatomy in the human ATN which may reflect regional differences in the functional organization of the ATN with respect to the other thalamic nuclei and the cerebral cortex.
...
PMID:Chemical parcellation of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the human brain. 1730 82

The organization of the adult human medial preoptic nucleus was studied by using chemoarchitectonic markers for acetylcholinesterase, nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32), calbindin-D28k, neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (CD15) to establish human homologs to the subnuclei making up MPO in the rat, where their connections and functional significance are better understood. The human MPO comprises three subnuclei, the medial MPO, the lateral MPO, and the dorsomedially positioned uncinate subnucleus. As in the rat, the human medial MPO is magnocellular and contains numerous NPY- and CART-immunoreactive fibers and terminals as well as calbindin-positive neurons. The human lateral MPO, like its homolog in the rat, distinctively features numerous MCH-positive fibers and terminals as well as SMI-32-immunoreactive fibers. The uncinate subnucleus is wedged between the lateral surface of the paraventricular nucleus and the medial MPO and is characterized by variable NPY- and CART-immunoreactive fibers and terminals, also seen in the rat central MPO, suggesting that the subnuclei are homologues. The intermediate nucleus was distinguished by CD15-positive neuronal staining, whereas the majority of its neurons also contained acetylcholinesterase. The human intermediate nucleus is positioned on the lateral surface of MPO and by its chemo- and cytoarchitecture constitutes a distinct nucleus of the preoptic area characterized by close structural association with the MPO complex. These findings demonstrate that the human MPO is organized similarly to the rat MPO, in chemo- and cytoarchitectonically distinct subnuclei, which implies differences in their functional specialization, as seen in the rat.
...
PMID:Organization of the human medial preoptic nucleus. 1750 90

The monotremes (echidnas and platypus) have been claimed by some authors to show 'avian' or 'reptilian' features in the gross morphology and microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum. We have used Nissl staining in conjunction with enzyme histochemistry to acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome oxidase and immunohistochemistry to non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody), calcium binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin) and tyrosine hydroxylase to examine the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei in the short-beaked echidna. Immunoreactivity for non-phosphorylated neurofilament (SMI-32 antibody) was found in the deep cerebellar nuclei and in Purkinje cells of most regions except the nodule. Purkinje cells identified with SMI-32 immunoreactivity were clearly mammalian in morphology. Parvalbumin and calbindin immunoreactivity was found in Purkinje cells with some regional variation in staining intensity and in Purkinje cell axons traversing cerebellar white matter or terminating on Lugaro cells. Calbindin immunoreactivity was also present in inferior olivary complex neurons. Calretinin immunoreactivity was found in pontocerebellar fibers and small cells in the deep granule cell layer of the ansiform lobule. We found that, although the deep cerebellar nuclei were much less clearly demarcated than in the rodent cerebellum, it was possible to distinguish medial, interposed and lateral nuclear components in the echidna. As far as we can determine from our techniques, the cerebellum of the echidna shows all the gross and cytological features familiar from the cerebellum of therian mammals.
...
PMID:Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the cerebellum of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). 1751 May 48

We have examined the organization of the pretectal area in two monotremes (the short beaked echidna-Tachyglossus aculeatus, and the platypus-Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and compared it to that in the Wistar strain rat, using Nissl staining in conjunction with enzyme histochemistry (acetylcholinesterase and NADPH diaphorase) and immunohistochemistry for parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin and non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody). We were able to identify distinct anterior, medial, posterior (now called tectal gray) and olivary pretectal nuclei as well as a nucleus of the optic tract, all with largely similar topographical and chemoarchitectonic features to the homologous regions in therian mammals. The positions of these pretectal nuclei correspond to the distributions of retinofugal terminals identified by other authors. The overall size of the pretectum in both monotremes was found to be at least comparable in size, if not larger than, the pretectum of representative therian mammals of similar brain and body size. Our findings suggest that the pretectum of these two monotreme species is comparable in both size and organization to that of eutherian mammals, and is more than just an undifferentiated area pretectalis. The presence of a differentiated pretectum with similar chemoarchitecture to therians in both living monotremes lends support to the idea that the stem mammal for both prototherian and therian lineages also had a differentiated pretectum. This in turn indicates that a differentiated pretectum appeared at least 125 million years ago in the mammalian lineage and that the stem mammal for proto- and eutherian lineages probably had similar pretectal nuclei to those identified in its descendants.
...
PMID:The pretectal nuclei in two monotremes: the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). 1771 86

The monotremes are a unique group of living mammals, which diverged from the line leading to placental mammals at least 125 million years ago. We have examined the organization of pontine, inferior olivary, lateral reticular and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) to determine if the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of these nuclei are similar to that in placental mammals and marsupials. We have used Nissl staining in conjunction with enzyme-histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase and NADPH diaphorase as well as immunohistochemistry for non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody) and calcium binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin). Homologies could be established between the arch shaped inferior olivary complex of the echidna and the principal, dorsal and medial accessory subdivisions of the therian inferior olivary complex. The pontine nuclei of the echidna included basilar and reticulotegmental components with similar cyto- and chemarchitectural features to therians and there were magnocellular and subtrigeminal components of the lateral reticular nucleus, also as seen in therians. Subdivisions and chemoarchitecture of the vestibular complex of the echidna were both similar to that region in rodents. In all three precerebellar nuclear groups studied and in the vestibular nucleus organization, the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the echidna was very similar to that seen in therian mammals and no "primitive" or "reptilian" features were evident.
...
PMID:Precerebellar and vestibular nuclei of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). 1771 93

The neurochemical organization of the posterior caudate nucleus (CN) (body, gyrus and tail) and putamen (Put) was analyzed in the human brain using adjacent sections stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), enkephalin (ENK), parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Striosomes were visualized in all striatal regions but the anterior two thirds of the CN tail. They were highly immunoreactive (-ir) for ENK and LAMP, devoid of PV and AChE staining, and surrounded by a ring of tissue with pale TH- and CB-ir neuropil. In the Put, other rings of tissue completely free of ENK labeling surrounded certain striosomes (clear septa). In the CN body, gyrus and tail some markers revealed gradients and heterogeneities along the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes. A rim of striatal tissue densely stained for ENK and LAMP and poorly labeled for PV was noticeable along the lateral edge of the Put and the dorsolateral sector of the CN body. Our results illustrate a chemical architecture in the posterior striatum that is heterogeneous and slightly different from that found in the more anterior striatum.
...
PMID:Chemical architecture of the posterior striatum in the human brain. 1772 72

The topography and chemoarchitecture of the striatum and pallidum in a monotreme, the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) have been studied using Nissl staining in conjunction with myelin staining, enzyme reactivity to acetylcholinesterase and NADPH diaphorase, and immunoreactivity to parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, and neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody). All those components of the striatum and pallidum found in eutherian mammals could also be identified in the echidna's brain, with broad chemoarchitectural similarities to those regions in eutherian brains also apparent. There was a clear chemoarchitectural gradient visible with parvalbumin immunoreactivity of neurons and fibers, suggesting a subdivision of the echidna caudatoputamen into weakly reactive rostrodorsomedial and strongly reactive caudoventrolateral components. This may, in turn, relate to subdivision into associative versus sensorimotor CPu and reflect homology to the caudate and putamen of primates. Moreover, the chemoarchitecture of the echidna striatum suggested the presence of striosome-matrix architecture. The morphology of identified neuronal groups (i.e., parvalbumin, calbindin, and neuropeptide Y immunoreactive) in the echidna striatum and pallidum showed many similarities to those seen in eutherians, although the pattern of distribution of calbindin immunoreactive neurons was more uniform in the caudatoputamen of the echidna than in therians. These observations indicate that the same broad features of striatal and pallidal organization apply across all mammals and suggest that these common features may have arisen before the divergence of the monotreme and therian lineages.
...
PMID:Topography and chemoarchitecture of the striatum and pallidum in a monotreme, the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). 1882 Dec 82


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>

---