Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Radiation profoundly alters the contractile activity of the small intestine and colon. We hypothesized that some motor changes of the gut might be secondary to impaired neural input to smooth muscle or abnormal release of gut endocrine peptides. The density of products within peptidergic and cholinergic nerves and gut endocrine cells was estimated in six normal controls and six dogs who had received 1500 cGy in six equal fractions of 250 cGy. Choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, peptide YY (PYY), and motilin were measured in tissue specimens divided into mucosal-submucosal (MS) and muscularis externa (ME) layers. Tissue samples were obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and proximal and distal colon. In addition, serum levels of motilin and PYY were determined before and during the administration of 1500 cGy in four separate dogs instrumented to record upper gut contractile activity. Intrinsic cholinergic activity as estimated by choline acetyltransferase activity was unchanged, while acetylcholinesterase activity increased in the MS layers of distal small bowel and colon. VIP was increased in the MS layers of jejunum and proximal colon as well as in the ME layers the jejunum and ileum. By contrast, substance P increased in the jejunal and proximal colonic MS layers and in the ME layers of the jejunum and ileum. Duodenal and jejunal motilin levels markedly decreased after radiation exposure, while serum motilin levels continued to cycle at a decreased peak level with migrating motor complexes. Colonic PYY remained unchanged but serum PYY levels decreased after irradiation. Increased neuronal synthesis and inhibition of neurotransmitter release are potential explanations for elevated tissue concentrations of VIP, substance P, and acetylcholinesterase. There appeared to be differences in the sensitivity of gut endocrine cells to irradiation. Changes in gut regulatory peptides and cholinergic enzyme activity occur with fractionated doses of abdominal irradiation, while the same schedule of irradiation produces striking changes in the canine small intestinal and colonic motor activity. It is therefore likely that alterations of contractile events may be produced by changes in gut neuroendocrine products.
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PMID:Fractionated irradiation alters enteric neuroendocrine products. 754 59

A unique group of neurons in the submucous plexus of the gastrointestinal tract in guinea pigs was studied using (1) Nissl staining and an enzyme histochemical technique for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), (2) immunohistochemical methods for the localisation of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and neuropeptides, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), leu-enkephalin (leu-ENK), neuropeptide (NPY) and cholecystokinin (CCK), (3) a fluorescence tracer technique involving the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of fluorogold, and (4) normal electron microscopy. The results showed that these neurons were distributed singly or in groups in the submucosa. They were closely adherent to the outer walls of lymphatic vessels, some appearing to protrude into the lumen. Ultrastructurally, only a thin layer of basal lamina and some collagen fibrils intervened between the endothelia of the lymphatic vessels and these neurons. Based on their synaptic contacts and the features of their content of synaptic vesicles, at least 4 types of axon terminal forming synaptic contacts with the 'lymphatic vessel-associated neurons' (LV-AN) were identified. The sources of origin of these terminals remains uncertain although it is speculated that they may be derived from vagal efferents or of intrinsic origin from the neighbouring neurons. All the LV-AN showed AChE and NSE positive reactions, but only a varying number were positive for VIP, SP, SOM, ENK, CGRP, CCK or NPY. The LV-AN were labelled with fluorogold injected i.p.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Studies of the lymphatic vessel-associated neurons in the intestine of the guinea pig. 755 16

The innervation and vasomotor responses to several vasoactive agents of guinea pig epicardial coronary veins were investigated by means of immunohistochemical, histochemical, ultrastructural and in vitro pharmacological techniques. The use of an antiserum to the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 revealed that coronary veins are supplied by a network of fine varicose nerve fibres in the adventitia. The majority of the nerve fibres possessed neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Only a few nerve fibres displayed substance P, neuropeptide K (NK) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. In double stained preparations substance P immunoreactivity was co-localized with NK and CGRP in the same nerve fibres. Nerve fibres containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity or acetylcholinesterase activity were not detected. Endothelin immunoreactivity was also found in the vein endothelial cells. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of axon varicosities at the adventitial-medial border. In vitro pharmacological studies showed that endothelin-1 and -2 elicited a significant contractile response of epicardial vein segments. Noradrenaline, NPY, serotonin and uridine 5'-triphosphate induced only a relatively weak contractile response in the vein segments. Although vasodilatory responses were difficult to examine in these preparations, it was found that substance P, CGRP and VIP elicited a relaxation of the vein segments. These results indicate that guinea pig epicardial coronary veins are innervated by several nerve populations, however, the control of vasomotor tone of coronary veins appears to be predominantly regulated by 'non-neuronal' vasoactive agents such as endothelin and 5-HT.
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PMID:The innervation of guinea pig epicardial coronary veins: immunohistochemistry, ultrastructure and vasomotility. 791 47

Heart rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system but little is known about the pattern of innervation of the pacemaker in the sinoatrial node, or the subpopulations of nerves involved. Therefore in this study the pacemaker was located using electrophysiological methods and the pattern of innervation established by cholinesterase staining. In subsequent experiments, subpopulations of sympathetic, sensory and parasympathetic nerves were identified. Sympathetic nerves were labelled by glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence or an antiserum raised against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). These experiments showed that the entire sinoatrial node was densely innervated by sympathetic axons, the majority of which were immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY). There were a few axons which were only immunoreactive for TH. Sensory nerves which were immunoreactive for both substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were also found throughout the sinoatrial node. In the absence of a selective marker for parasympathetic neurons, hearts were extrinsically denervated by placing them in organotypic culture to allow degeneration of extrinsic axons. In this way intrinsic parasympathetic neurons could be characterised. These experiments revealed several distinct populations of parasympathetic nerves which innervated only a small, discrete part of the sinoatrial node. These populations were immunoreactive for NPY, somatostatin (SOM) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) alone, or SOM combined with NPY, SOM with dynorphin B, and SOM with SP. These results highlight a remarkable difference in the pattern of innervation of the sinoatrial node by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Furthermore the presence of several distinct populations of autonomic cardiac neurons indicates a further complexity in neuronal regulation of heart rate.
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PMID:Innervation of the pacemaker in guinea-pig sinoatrial node. 801 78

The controlling factors of lachrymal gland secretions were examined in the euryhaline turtle, Malaclemys terrapin. Histochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used to localize some of the possible neurotransmitters involved. There was no immunoreactivity to choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme synthesizing acetylcholine, nor did the histochemical technique for acetylcholinesterase produce positive results. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase labels revealed vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in high concentrations surrounding the secretory tubules and ducts. Substance P produced a weak immunoreactivity in the interstitial space surrounding the ducts. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme synthesizing norepinephrine and epinephrine, was localized around the blood vessels. Immunogold labeling confirmed the presence of VIP- and NPY-like reactivity in nerve varicosities close to the basement membrane of the secretory epithelium, and double-labeling showed VIP and NPY are co-localized within the same nerve terminals. The results suggest that the secretory epithelium may be primarily under peptidergic control while the vascular system is under adrenergic control. This is possibly a new pattern of innervation for exocrine glands and may be related to the particular function of this salt gland in an euryhaline turtle.
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PMID:Peptidergic and adrenergic innervation of the lachrymal gland in the euryhaline turtle, Malaclemys terrapin. 857 94

Immunohistochemistry and cholinesterase histochemistry were used to evaluate the structure and neurotransmitter content of the ganglionated plexuses of the human, canine, and opossum (Monodelphis domestica) gallbladders. In each species, the ganglionated plexus consisted of small (mean approximately 4 neurons/ganglion), irregularly dispersed ganglia that were interconnected by bundles of nerve fibers. The density of ganglia was about ten-fold higher in the opossum than in the human or the dog. Immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was accomplished in the human, dog, opossum, and the guinea pig where all neurons were found to express ChAT-immunoreactivity. In the human, immunoreactivities for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were the most abundant followed by substance P (SP). In the dog, immunoreactivity for galanin (GAL) was the strongest, followed closely by VIP and then by SP. NPY-immunoreactive neurons were not observed in the dog, but immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen in the perivascular plexus. In the opossum, immunoreactivity for GAL was the most intense and abundant followed by SP, which was followed by VIP. NPY-immunoreactivity in the opossum was limited to scarce perivascular nerve fibers. Immunoreactivity for calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) was not observed in neuronal somata, but CGRP/SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were a feature of each species studied. These findings, along with previously published work on the guinea pig, indicate that it is likely that all gallbladder neurons are cholinergic, and that VIP, SP, and NPY and/or GAL are commonly expressed in gallbladder neurons.
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PMID:Structure and chemical coding of human, canine and opossum gallbladder ganglia. 862 95

There is increasing evidence that neuropeptides may be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). This study examines whether neuropeptide distribution in the skin of patients with AD differs from normal controls. The distribution and density of several neuropeptides were examined in lesional and non-lesional skin of AD patients (n = 5) and in normal controls (n = 4) using indirect immunofluorescence and image analysis. Cholinergic innervation was studied using cholinesterase histochemistry. Staining with the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9 x 5 showed a subepidermal network of nerves with fibres penetrating the epidermis, and nerves around blood vessels, sweat glands and hair follicles. Image analysis of nerves around sweat glands showed a significantly higher nerve density in non-lesional compared with both normal controls and lesional skin (P < 0.05); lesional compared with control skin showed no significant difference. In the epidermis the density of nerves was not significantly greater in non-lesional compared with lesional skin and controls. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity was similar in all subjects except in three of the AD patients, where more nerves appeared to penetrate the epidermis. Substance P immunoreactivity in the papillary dermis was seen in all AD patients but no controls. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y staining were similar in all groups. Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves were found around sweat glands in all subjects, the staining being greatest in non-lesional and least in lesional skin. Occasional nerves were seen in the papillary dermis in lesional skin of two out of the four patients. We have demonstrated quantitative differences in nerve growth in clinically normal skin of AD patients, and altered cutaneous neuropeptide expression in these patients which may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. The cause of atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been fully established but it is believed that there is a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility, precipitating environmental factors and disordered immune responsiveness. There is increasing evidence that neuropeptides may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Exacerbations of the disease can be provoked by stress, scratching and sweating which may be the result of neurogenic inflammation. One of the first features of an exacerbation is flushing of the affected skin and pruritus. Several neuropeptides that have been identified in human skin are potent inducers of vasodilation and may induce pruritus. Substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) all cause vasodilation when injected intradermally, and SP and CGRP have been shown to be mediators of the weal and flare reaction. Spantide, a competitive antagonist of SP, has been shown to inhibit immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Part of these responses may be due to release of histamine and indeed elevated concentrations of histamine have been found in vivo in the skin and plasma of patients with AD. In this study the distribution and density of several neuropeptides were examined in lesional and nonlesional skin of AD patients and in normal controls using indirect immunofluorescence and image analysis. Cholinergic innervation was studied using cholinesterase histochemistry. Because many afferent fibres do not express CGRP or SP, the general neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP 9 x 5) was used to assess the overall nerve supply to the skin.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. 885 37

The innervation of the thymus was studied in SCID mice: There was a relatively more dense innervation pattern in SCID mice as compared to normal BALB/c mice (from which SCID mice are derived), including nerve fibres immunoreactive for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), although there was no reactivity to substance P (SP) or leucine enkephalin (ENK). Only a few acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive nerve fibres were observed in the SCID thymus. Ten weeks after the transfer of bone marrow from normal BALB/c mice into SCID mice no immunoreactivity to the above markers was found, nor was there any AChE reaction, although histologically the thymus appeared normal and dot-blot assays demonstrated the presence of immunoglobulin indicating a return to normal bone marrow function in SCID mice. Both innervation and morphology were restored 6 months after bone marrow transfer. In conclusion, the thymus of SCID mice lacking thymocytes has visible neurotransmitter levels in the nerves, but after thymocyte repopulation by bone marrow transplantation the transmitters are generally not demonstrable. This indicates that the innervation may be more important for the establishment of the microenvironment rather than the maintenance of thymocyte differentiation.
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PMID:Innervation of the thymus in normal and bone marrow reconstituted severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. 914 33

Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the intrinsic ganglia in the porcine, monkey and canine tongue was histologically investigated using the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) method, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunohistochemistry. The majority of intralingual ganglionic cells showed intense NADPH-d reactivity with positive acetylcholinesterase reaction or positive VIP immunohistochemistry. The NADPH-d positive, acetylcholinesterase-rich and the NADPH-d positive, VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers are particularly conspicuous around intralingual blood vessels. These fibers around the arteries in the tongue may be partly derived from the intralingual ganglion cells, because some bundles associated with these nerve cells were easily traced on the wall of blood vessels. The present study suggests the view that the three markers coexist in the axons and nerve terminals of these intralingual neurons.
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PMID:Colocalization of acetylcholinesterase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) positive neurons in the intralingual ganglia and perivascular nerve fibers around lingual arteries in the porcine, monkey and canine tongue. 914 36

In order to deepen our knowledge of the different components of the chicken intestinal nerve of Remak (I.N.R.), we have studied it by means of histochemical, immunohistochemical and electron microscopy techniques to distinguish the different neurotransmitters. We have found cholinergic cell bodies, as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive neuronal fibers, forming part of the web that constitutes the I.N.R. in its caudal portion, with a higher density of neuronal bodies in the ganglia. We also observed catecholaminergic neuronal bodies and fibers, located fundamentally in the periphery of the nerve, and a low density of catecholaminergic cell bodies. With respect to the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) positive peptidergic innervation, we found more abundant neuronal bodies positive for the V.I.P. than for S.P. Electron microscopy corroborated the results observed under the optic microscope, showing the various types of vesicles containing different neurotransmitters.
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PMID:Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy study of the caudal portion of the chicken intestinal nerve of Remak. 957 73


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