Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in the rat were examined with respect to the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like as well as substance P-like immunoreactivity. In some of the motor endplates in these muscles, identified by staining for acetylcholinesterase activity, calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was detected, but in others it was not. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was found to coexist with substance-P-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibres located outside and inside the capsule of the muscle spindles, as well as in nerve fibres located in nerve fascicles. These fibres presumably represent sensory nerve fibres. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity, but not substance P-like immunoreactivity, was also detected in cap-like structures located on the surface of the intrafusal muscle fibres in the polar regions of the spindles, structures which are likely to correspond to motor plate endings. The observations suggest that calcitonin gene-related peptide is heterogeneously present in the endplates of rat hind limb muscles, and gives for the first time immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in the innervation of muscle spindles.
...
PMID:Studies on the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like and substance P-like immunoreactivities in rat hind limb muscles. 137 25

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity was localized immunocytochemically in the large motoneurons in the ventral horn of rat spinal cord. Using fluorescence double-labelling substance P (SP)-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found to surround both the CGRP-positive and negative motoneurons, whereas enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive fibres surrounded mainly CGRP-negative cells. All CGRP-like immunoreactive motoneurons were also choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)- and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive. On the other hand a large population of ChAT- and AChE-positive motoneurons were devoid of CGRP-immunoreactivity. It is probable that CGRP/ChAT/AChE-positive cells surrounded by SP-positive fibres have different functions in motoric nervous system than the CGRP-negative ChAT/AChE-positive cells, which are surrounded by ENK-immunoreactive fibres.
...
PMID:Immunocytochemical study of the relations of acetylcholinesterase, enkephalin-, substance P-, choline acetyltransferase- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive structures in the ventral horn of rat spinal cord. 169 14

Morphological changes and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of the normal and denervated posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA muscle) of the cat were studied. Two days after denervation, the nerve terminals at the NMJ had almost disappeared. Six weeks after denervation, intensity of AchE activity at the former junctional site (FJS) was unchanged histochemically. At this stage, primary synaptic clefts were distorted and the Schwann's cells covered the FJS. Fourteen weeks after denervation, AchE activity at the FJS had decreased in contrast to that of the non-affected side. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was also investigated at the NMJ of the normal PCA muscles immunocytochemically. The present study shows that CGRP coexists with Ach in the nerve terminals of the PCA muscles and may be involved in the regulation of the contractile function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscle.
...
PMID:Ultrastructural and histochemical study of the neuromuscular junctions in the denervated intrinsic laryngeal muscle of the cat. 188 87

Histochemical, immunocytochemical, and radioenzymatic techniques were used to examine the neurotransmitter-related properties of the innervation of thoracic hairy skin in rats during adulthood and postnatal development. In the adult, catecholamine-containing fibers were associated with blood vessels and piloerector muscles, and ran in nerve bundles throughout the dermis. The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers was identical. Neuronal fibers displaying neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity were seen in association with blood vessels. Double-labeling studies suggested that most, if not all, NPY-IR fibers were also TH-IR and likewise most, if not all, vessel-associated TH-IR fibers were also NPY-IR. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR fibers were observed near and penetrating into the epidermis, in close association with hair follicles and blood vessels, and in nerve bundles. A similar distribution of substance P (SP)-IR fibers was evident. In adult animals treated as neonates with the sympathetic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, a virtual absence of TH-IR and NPY-IR fibers was observed, whereas the distribution of CGRP-IR and SP-IR fibers appeared unaltered. During postnatal development, a generalized increase in the number, fluorescence intensity, and varicose morphology of neuronal fibers displaying catecholamine fluorescence, NPY-IR, CGRP-IR, and SP-IR was observed. By postnatal day 21, the distribution of the above fibers had reached essentially adult levels, although the density of epidermal-associated CGRP-IR and SP-IR fibers was significantly greater than in the adult. The following were not evident in thoracic hairy skin at any timepoint examined: choline acetyltransferase activity, acetylcholinesterase histochemical staining or immunoreactivity, fibers displaying immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, or leucine-enkephalin. The present study demonstrates that the thoracic hairy skin in developing and adult rats receives an abundant sympathetic catecholaminergic and sensory innervation, but not a cholinergic innervation.
...
PMID:Postnatal development of autonomic and sensory innervation of thoracic hairy skin in the rat. A histochemical, immunocytochemical, and radioenzymatic study. 197 33

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been implicated in the trophic regulation of acetyl-choline receptors and G4 acetylcholinesterase at the rat neuromuscular junction. Since these latter molecules exhibit significant changes with advancing age, we examined the possibility that certain aspects of CGRP transport are also influenced by aging. Double nerve ligations and CGRP radio-immunoassay of 3-mm nerve segments permitted the assessment of the peptide's apparent transport rates in sciatic nerves from 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats. Results confirm that CGRP is conveyed by anterograde axoplasmic transport; more importantly, they suggest that CGRP is also transported retrogradely, but in smaller amounts and at slower rates. In addition, our findings indicate that the apparent rates of CGRP transport in both directions significantly decline with advancing age. These data are consistent with the notion that changes in CGRP delivery may contribute to age-related changes in junctional acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase.
...
PMID:Axoplasmic transport of calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat peripheral nerve as a function of age. 753 74

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) acts as an anterograde trophic agent which regulates skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor function. We examined whether CGRP also influences other synaptic transmission-related molecules, i.e. acetylcholinesterase (AChE) forms. Results show that: (a) CGRP associated with rat anterior gracilis muscle endplates declines following obturator nerve transection; (b) exogenous CGRP treatment has a selective, innervation-like effect on the globular tetramer (G4) of AChE in gracilis motor endplates; and (c) this effect is reversed by the CGRP receptor antagonist hCGRP8-37. We conclude that exogenous CGRP, and/or a biologically active CGRP fragment(s), influences G4 AChE levels through specific CGRP-CGRP receptor interactions. This conclusion is consistent with the notion that motor nerve-derived CGRP participates in the trophic control of G4 AChE at the neuromuscular junction.
...
PMID:A role for calcitonin gene-related peptide in the regulation of rat skeletal muscle G4 acetylcholinesterase. 764 18

There is increasing evidence that neuropeptides may be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). This study examines whether neuropeptide distribution in the skin of patients with AD differs from normal controls. The distribution and density of several neuropeptides were examined in lesional and non-lesional skin of AD patients (n = 5) and in normal controls (n = 4) using indirect immunofluorescence and image analysis. Cholinergic innervation was studied using cholinesterase histochemistry. Staining with the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9 x 5 showed a subepidermal network of nerves with fibres penetrating the epidermis, and nerves around blood vessels, sweat glands and hair follicles. Image analysis of nerves around sweat glands showed a significantly higher nerve density in non-lesional compared with both normal controls and lesional skin (P < 0.05); lesional compared with control skin showed no significant difference. In the epidermis the density of nerves was not significantly greater in non-lesional compared with lesional skin and controls. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity was similar in all subjects except in three of the AD patients, where more nerves appeared to penetrate the epidermis. Substance P immunoreactivity in the papillary dermis was seen in all AD patients but no controls. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y staining were similar in all groups. Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves were found around sweat glands in all subjects, the staining being greatest in non-lesional and least in lesional skin. Occasional nerves were seen in the papillary dermis in lesional skin of two out of the four patients. We have demonstrated quantitative differences in nerve growth in clinically normal skin of AD patients, and altered cutaneous neuropeptide expression in these patients which may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. The cause of atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been fully established but it is believed that there is a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility, precipitating environmental factors and disordered immune responsiveness. There is increasing evidence that neuropeptides may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Exacerbations of the disease can be provoked by stress, scratching and sweating which may be the result of neurogenic inflammation. One of the first features of an exacerbation is flushing of the affected skin and pruritus. Several neuropeptides that have been identified in human skin are potent inducers of vasodilation and may induce pruritus. Substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) all cause vasodilation when injected intradermally, and SP and CGRP have been shown to be mediators of the weal and flare reaction. Spantide, a competitive antagonist of SP, has been shown to inhibit immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Part of these responses may be due to release of histamine and indeed elevated concentrations of histamine have been found in vivo in the skin and plasma of patients with AD. In this study the distribution and density of several neuropeptides were examined in lesional and nonlesional skin of AD patients and in normal controls using indirect immunofluorescence and image analysis. Cholinergic innervation was studied using cholinesterase histochemistry. Because many afferent fibres do not express CGRP or SP, the general neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP 9 x 5) was used to assess the overall nerve supply to the skin.
...
PMID:Neuropeptides in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. 885 37

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide may play a role in the formation of neuromuscular junctions is synthesized by the motor neurons and is able to stimulate the expression of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in cultured myotubes. By using antibody and DNA probe that are specific for acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), we reported the expression of AChE could also be stimulated by CGRP in cultured chick myotubes. After CGRP application, the amount of AChE protein, that showed a molecular weight of approximately 105 kDa as recognized by the anti-AChE monoclonal antibody, was increased by approximately 1.7-fold. Two transcripts encoding AChE, approximately 4.8 and approximately 6.0 kb, were identified and their levels of expression were increased to approximately 3-fold after treatment with CGRP. However, the total AChE enzymatic activity in the CGRP-treated myotubes was unchanged. These evidences suggest that most of the CGRP-induced AChE proteins in the cultured chick myotubes are the inactive pool of enzyme.
...
PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases the expression of acetylcholinesterase in cultured chick myotubes. 891 98

Calcitonin is a hormone peptide produced by the thyroid gland, whose best described role is to prevent bone reabsorption. It also participates in other biological functions, even at central nervous system level. We studied the effect of added calcitonin on ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities in synaptosomal membranes isolated from rat cerebral cortex. Calcitonin at 10(-7) - 10(-5)M concentration decreased 20-40% Na+, K(+)-ATPase and 15-25% K(+)-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activities, and at 10(-6)-10(-5)M reduced 20-30% Mg(2+)-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity. However, this peptide failed to modify Mg(2+) - and Ca(2+)-ATPase or acetylcholinesterase activities. Results suggest that the sodium pump may be a target for calcitonin effects at neuronal level. Thus, calcitonin inhibition of sodium/potassium transport through synaptic membranes supports a regulatory role of this peptide on neurotransmission.
...
PMID:A study of calcitonin effect on synaptosomal membrane enzymes. 921 Jan 82

In vertebrate neuromuscular junctions, post-synaptic specialization includes aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The motor nerve provides soluble factors and electrical activity to achieve this striking localization of AChRs/AChE. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide synthesized by motor neurons, is able to stimulate the expression of AChR in cultured myotubes. Similar to AChR regulation, synthesis of AChE in cultured chick myotubes is also stimulated by CGRP. Application of CGRP onto cultured myotubes stimulated the accumulation of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) as well as the expression of AChE mRNA and protein. However, the enzymatic activity of AChE remained unchanged. In cultured myotubes, various drugs affecting the intracellular level of cAMP, such as N6,O2'-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, cholera toxin, and forskolin, could mimic the effect of CGRP in stimulating the expression of AChE. When myotubes were transfected with cDNA encoding constitutively active mutant Galpha(s), the intracellular cAMP synthesis was increased. The increase in cAMP level was in parallel with an increase in the expression of AChE, whereas transfection of active mutant Galpha(i) cDNA decreased the cAMP level as well as the AChE expression. In addition, expression of collagen-tailed AChE was up-regulated by the cAMP pathway. These findings indicated that CGRP-induced AChE regulation is mediated by the cAMP pathway and represented the first evidence to suggest that the regulation of mRNA synthesis of AChR and AChE can be mediated by the same neuron-derived factor.
...
PMID:The calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced acetylcholinesterase synthesis in cultured chick myotubes is mediated by cyclic AMP. 964 61


1 2 Next >>

---