Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Maternal deprivation from the 3rd to 14th day of life, i.e., separation of the pups from their mother animals for 16 hours each day, gave rise to persistent significant changes of microstructures in the hippocampal stratum radiatum of the CA1-region, which were associated with significantly decreased emotionality, learning capability and memory capacity in adulthood. Such teratomorphogenic effects on the brain produced by psychosocial and/or nutritional deprivation during brain development could be partly prevented--as well as the teratophysiogenic and teratopsychogenic effects--by simultaneous administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine.
 ...
PMID:Teratomorphogenic effects on the brain produced by neonatal maternal deprivation can be partly prevented by pyridostigmine administration. 654 95

A lesion of the septum or a transection of the fimbria-fornix diminishes most, but not all, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining in the hippocampal formation. The residual AChE is located in the outer part of the molecular layer of the hippocampal CA1 zone and adjacent subicular field (zone 31). We report that following combined lesions of the septum and entorhinal cortex, the residual hippocampal AChE staining pattern expands and occupies the zone innervated normally by perforant pathway terminals from the entorhinal cortex.
 ...
PMID:Enhanced acetylcholinesterase staining in the hippocampal perforant pathway zone after combined lesions of the septum and entorhinal cortex. 661 10

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus in the reeler mutant mouse was studied histochemically by the method of Karnovsky and Roots. Developmental studies were done on days 0,3,6,9,12,15,18 and 21 postnatally, and in adults. The adult reeler mouse differs from the normal mouse in that there is no accumulation of the activity at the junction between the stratum lacunosum-moleculare and the stratum radiatum, weaker and divided activity in CA1, and the translocation of the activity to the granule cell zone of the dentate gyrus. The results obtained are considered to be due to the cells' ectopia. But also, other factors such as genesis of the cells in regard to constructing the cytoarchitecture, may influence them. According to the postnatal observations, the developmental pattern of AChE activity in the reeler mouse is about the same as in the normal mouse. AChE-rich cells in the hippocampus showed maximum activity and number from days 12 to 15. The neuropile reactions increased after day 9 in both kinds of mice. The relationship between the movement of the AChE positive neuropiles and cells and their functions are also discussed.
 ...
PMID:Postnatal developments of AChE activity in the hippocampus of the reeler mutant mouse. 666 75

Postnatal X-irradiation of the rat hippocampus results in a marked reduction in the number of the postnatally developing granular neurons in the dentate gyrus and also caused a marked increase in the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and a slight but consistent increase in the activity per whole hippocampus of AChE. The effect of irradiation on the granular neurons and on the cholinergic enzymes was found to be dose and age dependent. Drastic increase in specific enzymatic activities is also observed in the irradiated cerebellum whose granular neurons differentiate postnatally and to a lesser extent in the cerebral cortex in which cell formation is accomplished prior to birth. Staining for AChE activity revealed enhanced staining in the molecular layer and the hilar zone of the irradiated dentate gyrus, and in the striatum lucidum of area CA3 which corresponds to the projection area of the mossy fibers. Enhanced staining in area CA1 and subiculum was noticed especially in the supra- and infrapyramidal layers. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that AChE and CAT activities were 140-180% higher in the subareas of the irradiated vs non-irradiated hippocampus. The development and distribution of the postsynaptic muscarinic receptors in the irradiated hippocampus by [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB)-binding were also studied. It was found that the elimination of the postnatally formed neurons does not appear to change the developmental pattern of the [3H]QNB-binding sites but reduced receptor level to about 75% of control to adulthood. Measurements of the [3H]QNB-binding in the subareas within the hippocampus revealed marked reduction in the specific [3H]QNB-binding in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus but not in other subareas. However, the reduction in [3H]QNB-binding sites in the dentate is not as drastic as the reduction in the number of granular neurons. It is suggested that muscarinic sites may be located on early formed neurons, non-cholinergic afferents, or glial elements in this area.
 ...
PMID:The development of the cholinergic system in rat hippocampus following postnatal x-irradiation. 729 87

A technique has been suggested for quantitative determination of the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in each layer of rat hippocamp histochemical preparations. The data obtained have been used for making up the maps of layer distribution of AChE activity. The maps have been prepared of AChe activity distribution for the field CA1, CA2 and CA3 of the hippocamp of rats decapitated in summer and autumn. The map for the field CA1 was compared with those made up with the aid of other quantitative histochemistry techniques. The maps for the field CA2 have been compared in rats decapitated in spring, summer and autumn. AChE activity has been found to be greater in spring than in summer or in autumn, with the relations between the layers being unchanged throughout all the seasons.
 ...
PMID:[Quantitative histochemical determination of acetylcholinesterase activity in layers of the rat hippocampus]. 732 28

We examined by morphological methodology the effect of (S)-N-ethyl-3-[(1-dimethyl-amino)ethyl]-N-methyl-phenylcarbamate hydrogentartrate (ENA-713), an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, on ischemia-induced neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus due to a 5-min ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries after light ether anesthesia. Pyramidal cells had been decreased to 27% of sham-operated controls and the number of hypertrophic astrocytes expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) markedly increased in the hippocampal CA1 subfield 14 days after ischemia. However, post-ischemic administration of ENA-713 (three times 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly ameliorated this ischemia-induced decrease in the number of pyramidal cells by 47% of sham-operated controls, furthermore, it reduced the ischemia-induced accumulation of GFAP-positive astrocyte in the CA1 region. Together with previous results showing that ENA-713 protected against the ischemia-induced cholinergic abnormalities in the gerbil brain and improved cholinergic dysfunctions in the senescent rat brain, our present findings suggest that ENA-713 prove to be useful for treatment with senile dementia such as cerebrovascular dementia.
 ...
PMID:Post-ischemic administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 prevents delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. 756 61

The cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal formation of Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus) and Macaca mulatta (rhesus) monkeys was investigated by immunohistochemical procedures using a monoclonal antibody directed against choline acetyltransferase. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the monkey demonstrated both similarities and differences with the staining patterns observed in the rat or with acetylcholinesterase in the monkey. While both of these latter preparations demonstrated labeled cells, for example, no choline acetyltransferase labeled neurons were observed in the monkey hippocampal formation. Choline acetyltransferase activity was restricted to fibers which varied in thickness and number of varicosities and in their regional and laminar distribution. The highest densities of labeled fibers were observed in the uncal portion of the hippocampus, in the parasubiculum, and in the entorhinal cortex; the lowest densities of labeled fibers were observed in CA1 and in midrostrocaudal levels of the dentate gyrus. In the dentate gyrus, immunoreactive fibers were densely distributed in the molecular layer and in an infragranular plexus. One of the few striking noticeable interspecies differences was observed in the dentate gyrus. In the rhesus monkey, labeled fibers in the molecular layer were divided into a superficial denser and an inner lighter lamina, whereas in M. fascicularis, the cholinergic fibers were distributed more homogeneously throughout the molecular layer. In the hippocampus proper, there was a progressive decrease in the density of ChAT-immunoreactive fibers from CA3/CA2 into CA1. The subiculum also demonstrated modest labeling which was nonetheless higher than in CA1; the border of these fields demonstrated increased fiber labeling. The density of choline acetyltransferase staining was high in the presubiculum and parasubiculum. In the entorhinal cortex, a relatively clear boundary was observed between the more heavily stained superficial layers (I, II, and III) and the more weakly labeled deep layers (V and VI), especially in the intermediate and caudal fields. A transverse decreasing gradient was observed with the densest plexus of cholinergic fibers found in the medially situated olfactory field of the entorhinal cortex and the lowest density in the laterally located caudal and lateral fields.
 ...
PMID:Cholinergic innervation of the primate hippocampal formation. I. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta monkeys. 760 41

Sarin, a highly toxic cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, administered at near 1 LD50 dose causes severe signs of toxic cholinergic hyperactivity in both the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS). The present study evaluated acute and long-term neuropathology following exposure to a single LD50 dose of sarin and compared it to lesions caused by equipotent doses of soman described previously. Rats surviving 1 LD50 dose of sarin (95 micrograms/kg; IM), were sacrificed at different time intervals post exposure (4 h-90 days) and their brains were taken for histological and morphometric study. Lesions of varying degrees of severity were found in about 70% of the animals, mainly in the hippocampus, piriform cortex, and thalamus. The damage was exacerbated with time and at three months post exposure, it extended to regions which were not initially affected. Morphometric analysis revealed a significant decline in the area of CA1 and CA3 hippocampal cells as well as in the number of CA1 cells. The neuropathological findings, although generally similar to those described following 1 LD50 soman, differed in some features, unique to each compound, for example, frontal cortex damage was specific to soman poisoning. It is concluded that sarin has a potent acute and long-term central neurotoxicity, which must be considered in the design of therapeutic regimes.
 ...
PMID:Sarin-induced neuropathology in rats. 777 55

The cholinergic activities of SR 46559A, 3-[N-(2 diethyl-amino-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-5-propyl] pyridazinamine sesquifumarate, have been investigated in vitro and in vivo, in rodents. Using rat brain cortical membranes, SR 46559A was a competitive ligand (Ki = 112 nM) at muscarinic M1 receptors, its affinity for muscarinic M2 (cardiac) and M3 (glandular) receptors being 6-7 times lower. SR 46559A did not interact with brain nicotinic receptors and high affinity choline uptake sites nor did it inhibit brain acetylcholinesterase activity. In contrast to reference muscarinic agonists, SR 46559A (1 mM) did not inhibit the forskolin-induced activation of cAMP synthesis nor did it stimulate phosphoinositides breakdown in various brain preparations. However, this compound enhanced (+67% at 1 mM) diacylglycerol formation in rat striatal miniprisms, an effect fully reversed by atropine. As shown with reference agonists, SR 46559A inhibited (IC50 = 10 microM) the K(+)-evoked release of [3H]GABA from rat striatal slices and reduced at 0.5 and 1 microM, the population spike amplitude of the CA1 pyramidal cells induced by stimulation of the Schaffer's collateral commissural pathway in rat hippocampal slices. In mice, SR 46559A at a near lethal dose (200 mg/kg PO) did not induce the typical cholinergic syndrome nor did it modify at 30 mg/kg PO the oxotremorine-induced hypothermia. Like muscarinic agonists, SR 46559A (1 mg/kg PO) potentiated haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats and inhibited (ED50 = 0.12 mg/kg PO) rotations induced in mice by intrastriatal injection of pirenzepine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:SR 46559A: a novel and potent muscarinic compound with no cholinergic syndrome. 787 Oct 23

The cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal formation is thought to play an important role in memory processes, but its organization in humans has not been described in detail. We studied the cholinergic innervation of the human hippocampal formation by means of immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antisera directed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and the low-affinity (p75) nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR). The density of ChAT-like immunoreactive (ChAT-li) fibers differed substantially among the various regions, in general paralleling the pattern of AChE-li staining. One notable exception was the presence of AChE-li cell bodies. In contrast, ChAT immunoreactivity was associated only with fibers and terminals. NGFR-li staining corresponded closely to the ChAT-li fiber pattern. ChAT-li fibers in the CA fields diffusely filled the stratum pyramidale and extended into the stratum oriens and radiatum as well. The highest density was consistently observed in CA4 and CA3 subfields. Staining decreased from CA4 to CA1 and was substantially less dense in the subicular complex. In the entorhinal cortex, the ChAT- and NGFR-li fiber innervation displayed a laminar pattern, most intense over the nests of cells in layer II. There was a trend towards an age-related reduction in the density of ChAT- and AChE-li fibers and terminals. Nonetheless, we also found a surprisingly conserved NGFR-li innervation and the presence of occasional NGFR-li pyramidal cells, providing evidence of a plastic response in the brains of the elderly patients.
 ...
PMID:Cholinergic innervation in the human hippocampal formation including the entorhinal cortex. 792 5


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>