Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The superior colliculus is a layered structure in the mammalian midbrain serving multimodal sensorimotor integration. Its intermediate layers are characterized by a compartmental architecture. These compartments are apparent through the clustering of terminals of major collicular afferents, which in many instances match the heterogeneous distribution of tissue components such as acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, substance P, and parvalbumin. The present study was undertaken to determine whether efferent cells observe this compartmental architecture. It was found that subpopulations of both descending and ascending collicular efferents originate from perikarya situated in characteristic positions relative to the collicular compartments defined by elevated acetylcholinesterase activity and that their dendrites appear to be specifically coordinated with the heterogeneous environment. With the specific interlocking of afferent and efferent neurons through spatially distinguished neural networks, the compartmental architecture apparently constitutes an essential element for the determination of information flow in the superior colliculus.
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PMID:Association of efferent neurons to the compartmental architecture of the superior colliculus. 143 96

A quantitative taxonomy of primate striatal neurons was elaborated on the basis of the morphology of Golgi-impregnated neurons. Dendritic arborizations were reconstructed from serial sections and digitized in three dimensions by means of a video computer system. Topological, metrical, and geometrical parameters were measured for each neuron. Groups of neurons were isolated by using uni- and multidimensional statistical tests. A neuronal species was defined as a group of neurons characterized quantitatively by a series of nonredundant parameters, differing statistically from other groups, and appearing as a separate cluster in principal component analysis. Four neuronal species were isolated: (1) the spiny neuronal species (96% of striatal neurons) characterized by spine-free proximal dendrites (up to 31 microns) and spine-laden distal dendrites, which are more numerous, shorter, and less spiny in the human than in the monkey, (2) the leptodendritic neuronal species (2%) characterized by a small number of long, thick, smooth, and sparsely ramified dendrites, (3) the spidery neuronal species (1%) characterized by very thick dendritic stems and a large number of varicose recurrent distal processes, and (4) the microneuronal species (1%) characterized by numerous short, thin, and beaded axonlike processes. All striatal neurons give off a local axonal arborization. The size and shape of cell bodies were analyzed quantitatively in Golgi material and in materials treated for Nissl-staining, immunohistochemical demonstration of parvalbumin and histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase. Only three types were distinguishable: small, round cell bodies corresponding to either spiny neurons or microneurons, medium-size elongated cell bodies, which were parvalbumin-immunoreactive and corresponded to leptodendritic neurons, and large round cell bodies, which were acetylcholinesterase-positive and corresponded to spidery neurons. Thorough analysis of previously elaborated classifications revealed that spidery neurons do not exist in rats and cats and that large cholinergic neurons in these species correspond to leptodendritic neurons. From this, it can be assumed that the dendritic domain of striatal cholinergic neurons is considerably smaller in primates than in other species. Computer simulations based on both the frequency of each neuronal species and their three-dimensional dendritic morphology revealed that the striatum consists of two intertwined dendritic lattices: a fine-grain lattice (300-600 microns) formed by the dendritic arborizations of spiny, spidery, and microneurons, and a large-grain lattice (1,200 microns) formed by the dendritic arborizations of leptodendritic neurons. This suggests that cortical information can be processed in the striatum through two different systems: a fine-grain system that would conserve the precision of the cortical input, and a large-grain system that would blur it.
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PMID:Morphological taxonomy of the neurons of the primate striatum. 172 88

Long-Evans female rats sustained electrolytic lesions of the fimbria and the dorsal fornix and, 10-14 days later, received intrahippocampal suspension grafts of septal-diagonal band tissue from either 14-day-old (Group S14, n = 8) or 16-day-old fetuses (Group S16, n = 10), or of parietal cortex from 16-day-old fetuses (Group Cx, n = 10). Sham-operated (Group S, n = 10) and lesion-only (Group Fifo, n = 21) rats served as non-grafted controls. Spontaneous alternation was assessed in a T-maze at three weeks and two months post-grafting. Home cage and open field activity as well as radial maze learning were assessed from two months post-grafting onwards. Fimbria-fornix lesions induced lasting hyperactivity in both the open field and the home cage, impaired radial maze learning and transiently reduced spontaneous alternation rates. Neither type of graft significantly affected home cage activity. Septal-diagonal band grafts improved open field habituation (within trial decline of ambulatory activity) and radial maze learning; the former was observed only in S16 rats, whereas the latter was observed only in S14 rats. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed an initial lesion-induced depletion of hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (eight days post-surgery) which was no longer observed at the end of the experiment. Acetylcholinesterase positivity was similar in S14 and S16 grafts, which also contained many choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons. Cortical grafts were found to be almost devoid of acetylcholinesterase positivity and no well-stained choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons could be identified. Septal-diagonal band grafts from 14-day-old fetuses and cortical grafts contained more parvalbumin-positive neurons than septal-diagonal band grafts provided by 16-day-old fetuses. These results suggest that grafts rich in cholinergic neurons may promote behavioral recovery from fimbria-fornix lesion-induced deficits. However, such a recovery may concern different behavioral deficits as a function of the age of the implanted tissue, suggesting that the maturity stage of the donor may critically influence the functional expression in the lesioned recipient. Also, such a recovery does not appear to be related solely to cholinergic hippocampal (re)innervation and might depend on the presence, not only of cholinergic neurons, but also of non-cholinergic neuronal populations, such as parvalbumin-positive (probably GABAergic) neurons.
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PMID:Graft-induced behavioral recovery from subcallosal septohippocampal damage in rats depends on maturity stage of donor tissue. 177 34

Immunoreactivity for two calcium binding proteins, 28 kDa calbindin and parvalbumin, was used to label cells morphologically identical to Cajal-Retzius neurons in the developing visual, prefrontal, sensory-motor and temporal cortex of Old World monkeys. At all fetal ages examined (E110-E155), Cajal-Retzius neurons throughout the cortex were immunoreactive for calbindin as well as being acetylcholinesterase positive. Between E130 and E150, the calbindin-immunoreactive Cajal-Retzius cells in the visual cortex, and a few in other cortical areas, also showed parvalbumin immunoreactivity. A reduced population of immunoreactive Cajal-Retzius cells was detected at birth, and none could be visualized by immunocytochemistry or histochemistry at later postnatal ages. Calbindin and parvalbumin immunoreactivity represents a potentially useful marker for this developmentally regulated population of neurons, and the varied expression of the two proteins suggests that Cajal-Retzius neurons may represent a neurochemically heterogeneous cell population.
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PMID:Cajal-Retzius neurons in developing monkey neocortex show immunoreactivity for calcium binding proteins. 235 29

The orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) of macaque monkeys is a large but little understood region of the cerebral cortex. In this study the architectonic structure of the OMPFC was analyzed with nine histochemical and immunohistochemical stains in 32 individuals of three macaque species. The stains included Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase, Timm, and selenide stains and immunohistochemical stains for parvalbumin, calbindin, a nonphosphorylated neurofilament epitope (with the SMI-32 antibody), and a membrane-bound glycoprotein (with the 8b3 antibody). In addition to patterns of cell bodies and myelinated fibers, these techniques allow the visualization of markers related to metabolism, synapses, and neurotransmitters. A cortical area was defined as distinct if it was differentiated in at least three different stains and, as described in later papers, possessed a distinct set of connections. Twenty-two areas were recognized in the OMPFC. Walker's areas 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 [J. Comp. Neurol. (1940) 73:59-86] have been subdivided into areas 10m, 10o, 11m, 11l, 12r, 12l, 12m, 12o, 13m, 13l, 13a, 13b, 14r, and 14c. On the medial wall, areas 32, 25, and 24a,b,c have been delineated, in addition to area 10m. The agranular insula also has been recognized to extend onto the posterior orbital surface and has been subdivided into medial, intermediate, lateral, posteromedial, and posterolateral agranular insula areas. The OMPFC, therefore, resembles other areas of primate cortex, such as the posterior parietal and temporal cortices, where a large number of relatively small, structurally and connectionally distinct areas have been recognized. Just as the area-specific neurophysiological properties of these parietotemporal areas underlie broader regional functions such as visuospatial analysis, it is likely that the many small areas of the OMPFC also make differential contributions to the general mnemonic, sensory, and affective functions of this region.
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PMID:Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. 752 5

To characterize the specificity of a novel cholinergic immunotoxin (conjugate of the monoclonal antibody 192IgG against the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor with the cytotoxic protein saporin), coronal sections through the basal forebrain of adult rats, that received a single intracerebro-ventricular injection of 4 micrograms of 192IgG-saporin conjugate, were subjected to histochemical and immunocytochemical procedures to evaluate cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive, acetylcholinesterase-positive, NADPH-diaphorase-positive) and GABAergic structures (parvalbumin-immunoreactive, labeling of perineuronal nets with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin) as well as microglia (visualized with Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin) and astrocytes (immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein). Seven days following injection of the immunotoxin, ChAT-immunoreactive cells nearly completely disappeared throughout the magnocellular basal forebrain complex, including globus pallidus, as compared to vehicle-injected controls. However, there was no significant difference in the number of ChAT-positive cells in the adjacent ventral pallidum and in the caudate-putamen of immunolesioned and control animals. NADPH-diaphorase-containing cells, including a significant subpopulation of cholinergic cells, also strikingly decreased in number by more than 90% in the magnocellular basal forebrain complex following immunolesion, and only a few noncholinergic diaphorase-positive cells survived in the medial septum, vertical and horizontal diagonal band, and nucleus basalis of Meynert. In contrast, the number of parvalbumin-containing GABAergic projection neurons in the septum-diagonal band of Broca complex and nucleus basalis of Meynert from immunolesioned rats was not different from that of vehicle-injected control animals. Immunolesioning also did not result in any change in either number or shape of cells surrounded by perineuronal nets, which are frequently associated with parvalbumin-containing GABAergic neurons. Seven days following injection of the immunotoxin, a very strong activation of microglia with an identical distribution pattern was observed in all experimental animals. Large numbers of activated microglia were found in all magnocellular basal forebrain nuclei, corresponding to the distribution of degenerating cholinergic cells. Additionally, immunolesioning also resulted in a dramatic activation of microglia in the lateral septal nuclei, which are known to be almost free of cholinergic cells, but not of penetrating cholinergic dendrites in adjacent zones, and in the ventral pallidum, where there was no observed loss of cholinergic cells. There was no significant increase in microglia activation in striatum and cortical areas, and no astrocytic response in any of the basal forebrain nuclei at this particular time point of survival. These results suggest that 192IgG-saporin specifically destroys basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and does not suppress their neuronal activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:192IgG-saporin immunotoxin-induced loss of cholinergic cells differentially activates microglia in rat basal forebrain nuclei. 756 26

The immunohistochemical localizations of two specific calcium binding proteins, calbindin D-28K (calbindin) and parvalbumin (PV) were examined in the subicular complex, that is, the subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum, of the adult mouse and were compared in detail with staining pattern of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. The calbindin immunoreactivity exhibited a conspicuous regional and laminar pattern of distribution, which somewhat resembled the AChE staining pattern but was apparently different from the latter in various points. The PV immunoreactivity also exhibited a characteristic regional difference, although less prominent. The subiculum could be divided into two subregions, intensely calbindin-immunoreactive (calbindin-IR) and AChE stained proximal subiculum and only faintly calbindin-IR and AChE stained distal subiculum. In the subiculum most of calbindin-IR neurons were pyramidal cells which were clustered in the superficial half of the cell layer in the proximal subiculum and appeared to be segregated from calbindin negative pyramidal cells located in the distal subiculum and in the basal part of the proximal subiculum. In the presubiculum calbindin-IR neurons were clustered in layer 2, most of which were supposed to be presubicular pyramidal cells. In the parasubiculum, the overall immunostaining pattern of PV and calbindin were somewhat complementary. In the transition area calbindin-IR neurons were clustered but few PV-IR neurons were located, and thus the distribution of immunoreactive neuronal somata was apparently different from the adjacent parts of the parasubiculum, indicating that the transition area might be a separate entity. In addition to calbindin-IR presumable principal neurons, calbindin-IR and PV-IR nonpyramidal cells were scattered throughout the subicular complex. Furthermore, these two calcium binding proteins were colocalized in some nonpyramidal cells in the subicular complex. The present study revealed some new aspects of the areal and laminar organization of the subicular complex, which had not been shown by previous classical purely morphological approaches.
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PMID:Distribution of the calcium binding proteins, calbindin D-28K and parvalbumin, in the subicular complex of the adult mouse. 779 85

The characteristic electroencephalographic patterns within the hippocampus are theta and sharp waves. Septal neurons are believed to play an essential role in the rhythm generation of the theta pattern. The present study examined the physiological consequences of complete and selective damage of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons on hippocampal theta activity in rats. A selective immunotoxin against nerve growth factor receptor bearing cholinergic neurons (192 immunoglobulin G-saporin), [Wiley R. G. et al. (1991) Brain Res. 562, 149-153] was infused into the medial septal area (0.11-0.42 microgram). Hippocampal electrical activity was monitored during trained wheel running, drinking and the paradoxical phase of sleep, as well as following cholinomimetic treatment. A moderate dose of toxin (0.21 microgram) eliminated the septohippocampal cholinergic projection, as evidenced by a near total absence of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the medial septum and the vertical limb of the diagonal band, and by the absence of acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers in the dorsal hippocampus. In the same rats, parvalbumin immunoreactivity, a reliable marker for septohippocampal GABAergic neurons, [Freund T. F. (1989) Brain Res. 478, 375-381], remained unaltered. In addition, retrograde transport of the tracer fluorogold demonstrated that the parvalbumin cell population preserved its axonal projection to the hippocampus. Following toxin treatment, the power of hippocampal theta, but not its frequency, decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Reduction of theta power occurred between three and seven days after the toxin treatment and remained unaltered thereafter up to eight weeks. A dose which eliminated all septohippocampal cholinergic neurons (0.21 microgram) left a small but significant theta peak in the power spectra during wheel running, paradoxical phase of sleep and intraseptal infusion of carbachol (5 micrograms). Peripheral administration of physostigmine (1 mg/kg) induced only slow (1.5-2.0 Hz) rhythmic waves. No changes were observed in the gamma (50-100 Hz) band. These findings indicate that the integrity of the septohippocampal GABAergic projection is sufficient to maintain some hippocampal theta activity. We hypothesize that cholinergic neurons serve to increase the population phase-locking of septal cells and thereby regulate the magnitude of hippocampal theta.
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PMID:Hippocampal theta activity following selective lesion of the septal cholinergic system. 784 84

The heterogeneous anatomy of both the dorsal striatum at the level of the head of the caudate nucleus and of the substantia nigra of cats was analyzed immunohistochemically using two calcium-binding proteins, namely, calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin. The striatal histochemical markers nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase were revealed in sections adjacent to those used for the immunohistochemical procedure. The distribution of both the calbindin D-28k and the parvalbumin immunoreactivities is heterogeneous in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial areas of the head of the caudate nucleus and is in register with the striosome/matrix pattern displayed by the histochemical markers. These calcium-binding proteins preferentially are located in the matrix compartment of the rostral caudate nucleus. Moreover, in some areas of the rostral two-thirds of the substantia nigra, calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin immunoreactivities appear to follow a complementary pattern that is quite different from the mesencephalic distribution of these two calcium-binding proteins.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical distribution of calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin in the head of the caudate nucleus and substantia nigra of the cat. 793 72

This study describes the cellular distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the medial septum (MS), employing the monoclonal antibody M35 raised against purified mAChR-protein. mAChR-positive neurons are found throughout the MS, but are predominantly located in the midline area and in the lateral compartments. The labeled cell bodies are variable in shape and size (largest diameter ranging from 10-30 microns), while both soma and the associated dendritic processes are densely stained for mAChRs. Astrocytes immunoreactive for mAChRs were frequently found associated with the large blood vessels in the midline area. To study the neurotransmitter nature of the mAChR-positive cells, immunofluorescence double-labeling experiments were performed for mAChRs and GABAergic and cholinergic markers. GABAergic cells were identified immunocytochemically using antisera against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), parvalbumin (PARV) or calbindin protein (CaBP). The cholinergic transmitter nature of the mAChR-positive cells was studied using adjacent 8 microns thick serial sections stained immunocytochemically for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), or histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These experiments showed that approximately half (52.3%) of all mAChR-positive cells contain GAD, whereas the other half is cholinergic. Conversely, nearly all GABAergic (98.6%) and cholinergic (96.9%) cells are endowed with mAChRs. GAD-positive terminals were found surrounding mAChR-positive perikarya which were either GAD-positive or GAD-negative, indicating GABAergic innervation on both GABAergic and cholinergic MS neurons. In general, the staining intensity for mAChRs appeared to be considerably higher in GABAergic than in cholinergic neurons, suggesting a stronger cholinergic impact upon the GABAergic neurons. The current anatomical findings contribute to the concept that the MS neurons form a firmly interconnected cell group, in which cholinergic neurotransmission mediated through mAChRs seems to play a significant role.
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PMID:Cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the rat medial septum express muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. 795 39


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