Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to determine the changes of the basic parameters of the erythrocyte system and the activity of some red blood cell (RBC) enzymes prior to and after a single physical effort leading to exhaustion. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats subjected to running on an electric rotating drum at a speed of 25 m/min. A single exercise caused a decrease in the RBC count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) by 21.9, 16.7 and 16.1%, respectively, and an increase in the reticulocyte count (Ret) by 661.5%. The exercise triggered also changes in the activities of some erythrocytic enzymes: pyruvate kinase (PK) activity increased by 12.4%, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) by 37.8%, glutathione reductase (GR) by 30.8% and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by 248.7%. These increases in the activities of RBC enzymes can be explained by an increase in the red cells turn-over.
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PMID:Metabolism of red blood cells after short-term exercise in rats. 248 9

Treatment with diazinon resulted in hyperglycaemia and depletion of glycogen from cerebral and peripheral tissues 2 h after its administration in rats; the changes were maximal after 40 mg/kg diazinon, administered intraperitoneally. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase were significantly increased in brain and liver, while that of glucose-6-phosphatase was not altered. The activities of the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase were increased only in brain. The cholinesterase activity of the brain was reduced by treatment with diazinon. The activities of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes (fructose 1,6 diphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) were also significantly increased in diazinon-treated animals. The level of lactate was increased in brain and blood while that of pyruvate was not changed. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was not significantly changed. Cholesterol and ascorbic acid contents of adrenals were depleted in diazinon-treated animals. Adrenalectomy abolished the hyperglycaemia and changes in carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting the possible involvement of adrenals in the induced changes in diazinon-treated animals.
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PMID:Effect of adrenalectomy on diazinon-induced changes in carbohydrate metabolism. 281 1

The genetic structure of two Chukot Evens subpopulations (314 individuals) for electrophoretic protein systems and taste sensitivity to PTC was studied. 17 of the 39 loci were polymorphic (43.59%). The following systems were completely monomorphic: diaphorase NAD H (Dia); glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD); glutamatoxalate transaminase (GOT); carbonic anhydrase (Ca-1); catalase (Ct), lactate dehydrogenase (loci LDH-A and LDH-B); leucine aminopeptidase (Lap); malate dehydrogenase (MDH); purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP); superoxide phosphorylase (PNP); superoxide dismutase (SOD); phosphoglucomutase-2 (PGM2); cholinesterase (locus E1); red cell esterase (4 loci); albumin (Alb); hemoglobin (Hb A and B); ceruloplasmin (Cp); and blood, gren, using the standard method. The following systems were polymorphic: red cell acid phosphatase (AcP); phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1); 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD); glutamatepyruvate transaminase (GPT); glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1); esterase (EsD); adenilatkinase (AK); alkaline phosphatase (Pp); cholinesterase (locus E2); haptoglobin (Hp); transferrin (Tf); group-specific component (Gc) and ABO, MN, Lewis, P blood groups and taste sensitivity to PTC. The following allele frequencies for polymorphic loci have been detected: AKI = 0.994; GLO = 1I = 0.082; GPT1 = 0.653; AcPA = 0.400; AcPB = 0.599; AcPC = 0.001; PGDA = 0.944; PGM1(1) = 0.906; EsD1 = 0.897; E2+ = 0.048; HpI = 0.394; GcI = 0,919; Tfc = 0.987; r(O) = 0.669; p(A) = 0.184; q(B) = 0.146; M = 0.711; Le = 0.411; P1+ = 0.521; t = 0.295. The genetic structure of Chukot Evens population is significantly nearer to that of the other ethnic groups of the North-East, in comparison with the genetic structure of Evenks of the Middle Siberia.
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PMID:[Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants in the northeastern USSR. V. The Chukot Evens]. 293 99

The effect of sublethal concentrations of malathion (organophosphorus insecticide) and endosulfan (organochlorine insecticide) was investigated in Channa punctatus. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and ovarian delta 5,3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5,3 beta-HSD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activities were studied. Apart from the loss of stage II and III oocytes, the absence of delta 5,3 beta-HSD and G-6-PD activity indicating the inhibition of steroidogenesis was seen in the malathion- and endosulfan-treated fish ovaries. Malathion demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of brain AchE activity, whereas endosulfan caused no significant reduction of AchE activity.
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PMID:Effect of malathion and endosulfan on brain acetylcholinesterase and ovarian steroidogenesis of Channa punctatus (Bloch). 323 85

This study was designed to assess the effects of a moderate increase in dietary sulphur (S) in cattle. Twelve animals were initially fed a basal concentrate (S = 0.2%) and then divided into two groups; one fed basal and the other high S (S = 0.75%) concentrates. Health, body weight gains, and activities of erythrocyte enzymes-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), plasma- asparate aminotransferase (AST), and whole blood concentrations of selenium (Se) were monitored at various stages of the study. Marked increases in the activities of GSH-Px, SOD and G6PD from the pretrial values were observed upon initial feeding of basal concentrate diet. Sex related differences were not evident in enzyme activities and Se concentrations of the blood. A high linear correlation (r = 0.92) between averages of GSH-Px activity and Se concentration of blood was observed in both sexes. Increasing the amount of S in the concentrate diet (from 0.2 to 0.75%) did not produce any statistically significant change in enzyme activities and Se concentrations, body weight gains, and health of the cattle during the 85 days feeding period. The results indicate that a moderate increase in the dietary S would not impair Se and copper status or cause related disorders in cattle.
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PMID:Effects of high dietary sulphur on enzyme activities, selenium concentrations and body weights of cattle. 360 49

Microdissection techniques were utilized to measure the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) (enzyme responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine) in individual basal forebrain nuclei of aged (24 month) and young (4 month) male and female rats. Small but consistent decreases in the activity of ChAT in aged rats were found, and the location of the changes was dependent on the sex of the rat. Aged female rats showed approximately 30% lower ChAT and 40% lower acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the ventral globus pallidus (vGP). Aged males did not show decreased ChAT in the vGP but activity in the medial aspect of the horizontal diagonal band nucleus was 50% lower than in the young males. ChAT activity in four other closely aligned basal forebrain nuclei was not different between the young and aged rats. Analysis of cell number, density and area in the vGP by AChE histochemistry showed no significant differences between aged and young females. In addition, age and sex-dependent changes were measured in pituitary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The relationship of the changes to age-dependent decrements in memory, the possible influence of gonadal hormones on aging, and the mechanisms responsible for age-related declines in ChAT activity are discussed.
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PMID:Age and sex-dependent decreases in ChAT in basal forebrain nuclei. 372 53

The effect of hypoparathyroidism and low blood calcium on enzyme levels in rat liver and kidney is shown. Four animal groups were used: parathyroidectomized (PTX), PTX with CaCl2 added in the drinking water, sham-operated controls and sham-operated with CaCl2 added in the drinking water. PTX significantly lowered serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium. Supplementation of CaCl2 in the drinking water increased serum Ca levels in PTX rats but not in the controls. Significant changes in several liver and kidney enzymes were seen. Most affected were the liver NADP dependent enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme. Similar patterns but with relatively smaller changes were seen in the liver enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase, hexokinase, and aspartate transferase. No significant differences between the groups were seen in the levels of malic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase, fructose-6-phosphate kinase and cholinesterase. In the kidney, which was less affected than the liver, the only significant difference was seen in the level of malic enzyme. Serum total lipids in the PTX group were significantly lower. All the changes seen were partially reversed by Ca supplementation in the drinking water.
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PMID:Biochemical change in the liver and kidney of rats following parathyroidectomy. 400 1

The enzymatic changes in the facial nucleus of the rat occurring after single nerve transection were compared with those after double lesion. In a first operation the left facial nerve was transected and 2 weeks later, both the left and the right facial nerves were axotomized. The double or "conditioning" lesion produced a complex pattern of changes that differed from those after a single lesion. Three enzymes were investigated both biochemically and histochemically. Acetylcholinesterase is representative of the group of transmitter-related enzymes which in general showed a decrease after a single lesion. The hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes, represented here by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, are known to increase in the perikaryon. 5'-Nucleotidase is a marker enzyme for the perineuronal satellite glia which also increase in number during chromatolysis. The following results were obtained: (i) In comparison with the single-lesion side the conditioning-lesion side exhibited less activity of the pentose phosphate shunt enzymes on days 7 and 12 after the second operation. On the conditioning-lesion side the amount of enzyme per perikaryon was higher on days 1 and 3, approximately the same on day 7, and less on day 12 compared with the single-lesion side. (ii) The conditioning-lesion side displayed a more pronounced decrease of acetylcholinesterase. (iii) 5'-Nucleotidase increased again after a second axotomy and reached the same level of activity as after a single lesion. These data suggest that a conditioning lesion does not simply amplify the ongoing axonal reaction of the cells in a linear fashion, but that it leads to a complex response. The data are in favor of a shorter initial delay prior to the axonal outgrowth which occurs after a conditioning lesion. However, our data could not explain an enhancement of axonal outgrowth velocity after the second operation.
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PMID:Enzyme changes in the rat facial nucleus following a conditioning lesion. 608 72

The effects of chronic and life-span (i.e. over 2 years) treatment with manganese (1 mg MnCl2.4H2O per ml of drinking water) on a number of neurochemical parameters were studied. In development Mn-treatment led to transient but age-dependent decreases in synaptosomal dopamine uptake in hypothalamus, striatum and mid-brain and decreases in synaptosomal choline uptake in hypothalamus but increase in synaptosomal choline uptake in striatum. However, synaptosomal noradrenaline and serotonin uptake in these brain regions remained unaltered. Mn-treatment in development led to small decreases in choline acetyltransferase activities in cerebellum and mid-brain of 2 month old rats but did not affect the regional distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase or acetylcholinesterase. The same treatment did not alter regional distribution of NAD-linked isocitric dehydrogenase although treatment with a high dose (10 mg MnCl2.4H2O per ml) resulted in transient but age-dependent decreases in the activities of this enzyme but not those of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in cerebral cortex and mid-brain. Lifespan Mn-treatment (1 mg MnCl2.4H2O per ml) exerted antagonistic effects on the age-related changes in activities of several enzymes. These results suggest that chronic Mn toxicity selectively affects several neurochemical paradigms and the long-term effects of Mn toxicity on brain development and aging are different.
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PMID:Differences in the neurotoxic effects of manganese during development and aging: some observations on brain regional neurotransmitter and non-neurotransmitter metabolism in a developmental rat model of chronic manganese encephalopathy. 614 83

The effect of tris-(2-chloroethyl)-amine (HN-3) on RNA and DNA was investigated spectrophotometrically. The shift in the absorbance spectrum caused by the addition of HN-3 was used to test a variety of compounds for their ability to inhibit RNA alkylation. The effect of HN-3 on the activity of several enzymes was also investigated. The activities of ribonuclease A, desoxyribonuclease I, acetylcholinesterase, diaphorase, glutathione reductase, adenosine desaminase, glyoxalase I, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase, xanthine oxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase and the microsomal N-oxygenation of aniline were not changed by HN-3, whereas the activity of cytochrome-c-reductase exhibited a dose dependent diminution in the presence HN-3. Of 105 compounds tested only 14, namely, sodium thiosulfate, dithioxanthine, thiosalicylic acid, 1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol, 2-thiocytosine, 2-thiohistadine, 2,3-dithiosuccinic acid, thioglycolic acid, 3-mercapto-D-valine,6-amino-2-thiouracil, thionicotine amide, dithiothreitol, sodium sulfite, and ergothioneine prevented the alkylation of RNA. All of them also reacted with HN-3 in absence of RNA. No correlation was found between the reaction constant of the reaction compound:HN-3 in the absence of RNA and the concentration of the compound which inhibited RNA alkylation by 50%. The compounds which were effective in vitro were also tested in mice for their ability to reduce HN-3 toxicity in vivo. Only sodium thiosulfate, d-penicillamine, and dithiosuccinic acid were effective. A 3.9fold increase in the LD50 of HN-3 was achieved in mice treated with sodium thiosulfate 3330 mg/kg i.p., a 1.7fold with 2125 mg dithiosuccinic acid/kg, and a 2fold increase with 2500 mg/kg d-penicillamine. The compound tested was injected i.p. 0.5 to 1 min after the s.c. injection of HN-3.
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PMID:Effect of various compounds on the reaction of tris-(2-chloroethyl)amine with ribonucleic acid in vitro and on its toxicity in mice. 617 33


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