Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mesostriatal projections from the dopamine-containing cells groups A8, A9 and A10 have been studied in the cat in relation to the histochemical compartments known to exist in the striatum. In order to do this, we made stereotaxic injections in the substantia nigra of either [3H]proline-[3H]leucine, [35S]methionine, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase, or the two last tracers combined, and compared the location of anterograde labeling in the striatum to the locations of striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix identified by their low or high content, respectively, of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. A discrete innervation of dorsolateral striosomes by a caudal densocellular subdivision of the substantia nigra pars compacta was found. This densocellular zone of the pars compacta was readily identifiable in sections stained for tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and corresponded to the uniquely acetylcholinesterase-poor zone detected in the substantia nigra pars compacta in serially adjacent sections stained for this enzyme. Selective anterograde labeling of the extrastriosomal matrix occurred in cases with injection sites centered in cell group A8. Tracer deposits in cell group A10 also elicited a preferential labeling of the extrastriosomal matrix, but this innervation was sparse compared to the prominent labeling of fibers in the ventral striatum. An almost exclusive innervation of caudal and ventral striosomes of the head of the caudate nucleus occurred after a deposit of tracer in the pars lateralis of the substantia nigra. Mixed labeling of striosomes and matrix occurred with injection sites centered in the rostral, cell-sparse part of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Clusters of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons within this zone, most likely representing finger-like extensions of the caudal densocellular zone of the pars compacta, might have accounted for part of the striosomal labeling in these cases. We conclude that different subdivisions of the A8-A9-A10 dopamine-containing cell complex of the cat's mesencephalon project preferentially to striosomes or to extrastriosomal matrix. On this basis we suggest that there may be different functional channels in the mesostriatal projection, including, from cell group A8, a channel providing dopaminergic modulation of sensorimotor processing in the striatal matrix, and, from the densocellular zone of the substantia nigra pars compacta, a channel leading to limbic-related mechanisms represented in the striosomal system.
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PMID:Subdivisions of the dopamine-containing A8-A9-A10 complex identified by their differential mesostriatal innervation of striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix. 368 62

Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was injected into nodose ganglia of rats. In the esophagus and cardia, dense networks of anterogradely labeled fibers and beaded terminal-like arborisations were observed around myenteric ganglia after combined histochemistry for HRP and acetylcholinesterase. The muscularis externa and interna proper were free of label except for a few traversing fibers. Submucosal and mucosal labeling was rather sparse except for the most oral part of the esophagus, where a dense mucosal innervation was found. Control experiments including WGA-HRP injections into the cervical vagus nerve, nodose ganglion injections after supranodose vagotomy, and anterograde [3H]leucine tracing from the nodose ganglion indicated that all labeled fibers in the esophagus and cardia originated from sensory neurons in the nodose ganglion. Electron microscopy revealed that labeled vagal sensory terminals related to myenteric ganglia were mostly large, mitochondria-rich profiles located predominantly on the surface of the ganglia. Specialized membrane contacts connected sensory terminals with other unlabeled profiles possibly derived from intrinsic neurons. The polarity of these contacts suggested the vagal sensory terminals to be presynaptic to intrinsic neurons of the myenteric ganglia. A hypothesis is formulated postulating a mechanoreceptive role for 'myenteric' vagal sensory terminals, providing both the brainstem (via the vagus nerve) and, by synaptic action upon intrinsic neurons, the myenteric plexus with information on tension and motility of the esophagus and cardia.
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PMID:Sensory vagal innervation of the rat esophagus and cardia: a light and electron microscopic anterograde tracing study. 369 3

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and muscarinic receptor autoradiography demonstrated a cholinergic innervation within the superior colliculus. A method for the concurrent visualization of ChAT and transported horseradish peroxidase showed that a major extrinsic source for this cholinergic input is in the parabigeminal nucleus. We have designated these cholinergic neurons as the Ch8 cell group.
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PMID:Cholinergic projections from the parabigeminal nucleus (Ch8) to the superior colliculus in the mouse: a combined analysis of horseradish peroxidase transport and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. 370 16

In the eel, horseradish peroxidase was applied to the saccular ramus of the eight nerve to label auditory efferent neurons and was injected into the torus semicircularis to identify the superior olive. Efferent somata cluster close to the lateral lemniscus. The superior olive is also associated with the lateral lemniscus and is situated just rostral to and contiguous with the efferent population. Efferent cells can be distinguished from superior olivary neurons because of their larger size and their positive acetylcholinesterase reaction. It appears that in these fishes, as in mammals, auditory efferent neurons are closely associated with the superior olive.
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PMID:The relationship of saccular efferent neurons to the superior olive in the eel, Anguilla anguilla. 372 16

A fluorimetric method for the assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) in tissue extracts and cerebrospinal fluid, using acetylcholine as the substrate, is described. The method is based on the measurement of hydrogen peroxide, formed by the oxidation of choline resulting from the action of AChE on acetylcholine, by means of horseradish peroxidase and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) to yield a fluorescent derivative. Choline, if present in any sample to be analysed, is first removed by a modification of the peroxidase reaction during preincubation.
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PMID:A semi-automated fluorimetric method for measuring acetylcholinesterase activity in small volumes of cerebrospinal fluid and tissue extracts using acetylcholine as substrate. 373 19

Three tectal afferent-fiber systems were experimentally labeled in the cat to learn how their distributions within the superior colliculus were related to the prominent compartments of high acetylcholinesterase activity found in the intermediate gray layer. Presumptive somatic sensory afferents were labeled by injections of horseradish peroxidase-wheatgerm agglutinin conjugate placed at the bulbospinal junction and in the ventral anterior ectosylvian cortex corresponding to somatic sensory area SIV. Vision-related afferents were labeled by injections of the same tracer substance into the lateral suprasylvian visual area. In each animal, a single type of injection was made and a detailed study was carried out to compare the patterns of anterograde labeling and acetylcholinesterase staining in serially adjoining sections through the superior colliculus. Fibers labeled by the three types of injection were distributed in clusters that resembled the acetylcholinesterase-positive patches in the intermediate gray layer. In no case, however, were the afferent-fiber clusters in register with the histochemically defined patches. Instead, the innervations derived from the bulbospinal junction, anterior estosylvian sulcus and lateral suprasylvian visual area all formed patchworks within the acetylcholinesterase-poor domain of the intermediate gray layer. In some instances, the afferent-fiber clusters and enzyme-positive patches appeared to have complementary distributions. In other instances, the afferent-fiber clusters seemed to be arranged in the acetylcholinesterase-poor parts of the intermediate layer in a fashion independent of, but not significantly overlapping, the acetylcholinesterase-positive patches. Not all of the space between the acetylcholinesterase-positive patches was taken up by any one of the afferent-fiber systems labeled. The complementary and non-matching distribution of these afferent systems in relation to the acetylcholinesterase-rich patches of the intermediate gray layer stands in contrast to the spatial registration of two other tectal afferent systems with the zones of high acetylcholinesterase activity. Both nigrotectal and frontotectal afferents converge on the acetylcholinesterase-positive patches. We conclude that afferent systems projecting to the intermediate gray layer can be divided into at least two groups: those innervating the acetylcholinesterase-rich compartments and those avoiding them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Complementary and non-matching afferent compartments in the cat's superior colliculus: innervation of the acetylcholinesterase-poor domain of the intermediate gray layer. 373 63

Efferent vestibular and cochlear neurons were identified in the rat's brain stem by retrograde labelling with True Blue (TB) or wheat germ agglutinin - horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected into the utricle. Such cells were found at the same locations described in 1983 by White and Warr (ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), bilateral latero-ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LTz) bilateral group E medial and lateral to the genu facialis) and, in addition, bilaterally in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (CPR) at the level of the descending facial nerve. Cholinergic neurons were identified by counterstaining sections containing TB filled perikarya for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) following pretreatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), by immunohistochemistry with highly specific monoclonal antibodies. Many, but not all, vestibular efferent cell bodies located in group E were shown to be cholinergic. These and other recently published data suggest that the efferent octavus system may consist of a number of chemically distinct cell groups.
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PMID:Cholinergic innervation of the rat's labyrinth. 377 Jan 9

Development and innervation of the lymph heart musculature of chicken, emu, rhea, and duck was studied by electron microscopy at post-hatch ages from 3 days to adulthood. Development of innervation was monitored by acetylcholinesterase staining. Horseradish peroxidase was used to determine the extent of the transverse tubule network. Chickens were unusual among these birds in that lymph heart myocytes had already undergone a definitive differentiation and degeneration by 3 days. In ducks and ratite birds, lymph heart myocytes more slowly but progressively differentiate a cytomorphology that does not conform in all characteristics to cardiac or skeletal muscle and even resembles in some aspects, smooth muscle. Myofibrils become the dominant cytoplasmic structure, transverse tubules form "internal couplings" with agranular reticulum cisternae, and "external couplings" are formed between myocytes at myomyal junctions. The myomyal junctions also contain AChE-positive reaction product and some subplasmalemmal vesicles that lack a dense core. The lymph heart myocardium of ducks of 2 weeks demonstrated mitotic figures. In adult ducks the myosatellite cell numbers diminish and a characteristic pattern of myocyte degeneration appears. In juvenile ducks and ratites some myocytes differentiate to conductile cells, much as the conductile myocytes and myofibers of the blood heart. The lymph heart innervation is described, and the role of nerve in differentiation and maintenance of myocyte morphology in the lymph heart is discussed.
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PMID:Lymph heart musculature in birds. 382 Mar 12

We have isolated genetic variants of the C2 muscle cell line that are defective in expressing the acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR). Because the AcChoR is expressed only after C2 myoblasts have fused to form myotubes, we employed a replica technique to detect the variants. This technique yields two copies of each clone, one of which can be used for screening and the other, as a source of dividing cells. In a screening of about 10,000 clones derived from mutagenized cells, we found 2 that fused normally and expressed normal levels of acetylcholinesterase but had reduced amounts of AcChoR on their surface. One of these also had a reduced level of intracellular AcChoR, but, in the other, the amount of intracellular AcChoR was 5-fold higher than normal. Several variants were found that failed to fuse and had reduced levels of both AcChoR and acetylcholinesterase. Though we relied on 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to distinguish wild-type from deficient clones, we found that an antiserum to the AcChoR, followed by a biotinylated second antibody and a horseradish peroxidase-avidin complex, could also be used. Therefore, it should be possible to obtain muscle cell variants defective in the expression of a variety of proteins for which specific antibodies are available.
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PMID:Use of a replica technique to isolate muscle cell lines defective in expressing the acetylcholine receptor. 385 34

Studies were undertaken to detect structural similarities between immunoglobulins and other proteins that bind to choline-containing ligands. Such proteins may share serologically detectable determinants that may not be predicted from the amino acid sequence alone. A monoclonal antibody was used that recognizes an idiotope near the phosphorylcholine binding site of the IgA myeloma TEPC15. This monoclonal anti-TEPC15 idiotopic antibody (anti-Id) also bound the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as well as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. The anti-Id antibody also significantly decreased the AChE catalytic activity but did not affect the activity of an unrelated enzyme, horseradish peroxidase. These findings suggest that nonimmunoglobulin molecules share antigenic determinants with immunoglobulin that are associated with binding to structurally related ligands, and immune regulation may inadvertently affect the function of nonimmune systems.
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PMID:Shared idiotypy between phosphorylcholine-specific antibody and acetylcholinesterase detectable by a monoclonal antibody. 387 Dec 6


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