Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The local cerebral glucose utilization was measured in the hippocampal formation 3, 21, and 90 days after bilateral lesions of the medial septal nucleus and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca by multiple ibotenic acid injections. The CMRglc was determined in hippocampal areas and layers and various limbic and visual regions by quantitative [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography using a computerized image-processing system. Three days after lesion, CMRglc was significantly decreased in 26 of the 38 structures examined. The most pronounced reductions were found in CA2 and CA3, the subiculum, and the parasubiculum. The CMRglc values of the 21- and 90-day postlesion groups did not differ significantly from control data when univariate statistics were used. However, by means of a factor analysis and subsequently a discriminant analysis as a multivariate test for group differences, significant lesion-induced CMRglc changes could be detected between the control group, the 3-day group, and the 90-day group. The 21-day group did not differ significantly from the controls. The data indicate that 90 days after lesion of the medial septum/diagonal band complex (MSDB), a considerable recovery of the mean CMRglc was found in the hippocampal region, although a normal level was not reached. In a parallel series, processing of sections for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry revealed a severe destruction of AChE-positive fibers in the hippocampus at 3 days after lesion and a conspicuous recovery in the amount of stainable fibers and their staining intensity at 21 days postlesion. In the 90-day group, the AChE fibers recovered even further but did not reach the values of unlesioned sham-operated controls. The present study indicates that sprouting of surviving cholinergic afferents might be an important morphological substrate for CMRglc recovery in the hippocampus after MSDB lesion.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992 Nov
PMID:Plasticity in the rat hippocampal formation following ibotenic acid lesion of the septal region: a quantitative [14C]deoxyglucose and acetylcholinesterase study. 140 Jun 40

The influence on hippocampal glucose utilization of a transient 10-min forebrain ischemia was quantified in male Wistar rats after 2 and 3 weeks as well as after 3 months by application of the [14C]2-deoxyglucose technique. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the carotid arteries and simultaneous lowering of the blood pressure to 40 mm Hg. For identification of the hippocampal architecture, sections were stained for perikarya (cresyl violet) and for acetylcholinesterase. The hippocampal regions clearly showed different responses to the ischemic insult. The necrotic pyramidal cells being almost completely removed, significant increases in glucose utilization occurred in most layers of the CA1 sector at 2 and 3 weeks post ischemia, while widespread reductions prevailed in all other sectors and the dentate gyrus. At 3 months after the ischemic insult, glucose utilization was reduced in all hippocampal structures including the CA1 region. The increases in glucose utilization in the CA1 sector are suggested to indicate long-lasting presynaptic hyperexcitation, while the widespread reductions in glucose utilization demonstrate that neuronal activity is also altered in hippocampal areas that do not show major histological damage.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990 Jul
PMID:Glucose utilization in rat hippocampus after long-term recovery from ischemia. 234 84

Adult male rats were fed on a control diet containing (g/kg) carbohydrate 600, lipid 35 and protein 190, or on a high-fat diet containing carbohydrate 360, lipid 420 and protein 120. After 30 d, the high-fat diet provoked a decrease in serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activity which was reversed by feeding rats on the control diet. The observed decrease after 90 d on the high-fat diet was not seen if a simultaneous daily intraperitoneal injection of a lipotrophic agent containing (mg/kg) S-adenosyl-L-methionine 3, coenzyme A 0.1, UDP-glucose 30 and CDP-choline 1.5 was given to rats on the high-fat diet. The findings are discussed in relation to the apparent susceptibility of serum cholinesterase to dietary components and its possible role in lipid metabolism.
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PMID:Changes in serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activity in rats consuming a high-fat diet. 281 18

The innervation of cerebral blood vessels by nerve fibers containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the vasomotor effects of the two neurotransmitters have been analyzed in the rat following the uni- or bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), which is thought to be the major origin of this innervation. Histochemistry of AChE-positive nerve fibers and the immunoreactivity toward VIP revealed only a 30% reduction in the innervation pattern of the rostral part of the cerebral circulation following the operation. At approximately 4 weeks postoperatively, the original nerve network was restored. Quantitative measurements of cholineacetyltransferase activity and VIP revealed similar reductions in the levels of collected large cerebral arteries at the base of the brain and in small pial vessels overlying the cerebral cortex at the various postoperative times following uni- or bilateral removal of the SPG. The two techniques thus complemented each other. Vasomotor reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and VIP was examined in proximal segments of the middle cerebral artery at the various postoperative times. Generally, the removal of the SPG had no effect on the responses to ACh or VIP. The evidence indicates that only approximately one-third of the cholinergic/VIP innervation of the rostral part of the cerebral circulation originates in the SPG.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989 Apr
PMID:Acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide in cerebral blood vessels: effect of extirpation of the sphenopalatine ganglion. 292 Dec 95

A rat brain P3 fraction enriched in ER derived microsomes was centrifuged through a 20-40% linear sucrose gradient in a Beckman Ti-14 Zonal rotor and 11 fractions were obtained. The distribution of marker enzyme activities and protein were determined in these 11 subfractions. NADPH-Cytochrome C reductase, choline phosphotransferase were employed for endoplasmic reticulum, Na+,K+-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, and acetylcholinesterase were employed for plasma membrane, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase was employed for myelin. The bulk of the protein was recovered in the 24-34% sucrose fractions, Na+,K+-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, and acetylcholinesterase were in the 22-38% sucrose fractions while NADPH-cytochrome C reductase and CNPase were enriched in the 20-22% sucrose fractions. The ethanolamine and the serine base exchange activities had a bimodal distribution, with highest specific activities in sucrose fractions 32-34% and 20-24%. Choline base exchange activity was nearly undetectable in all the fractions. The specific activities of CDP-choline phosphotransferase, and phospholipid-N-methyltransferase were highest in the 20-22% sucrose fraction. Phospholipid-N-methyltransferase activity was significantly stimulated in the presence of exogenous phospholipid acceptors as phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine or phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, however, the greatest response was with phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine. The rat brain P3 fraction yielded a population of a membrane at the light end of the sucrose gradient which has a buoyant density similar to myelin but seemed to be enriched with NADPH cytochrome C reductase and phospholipid modifying enzymes. This is in contrast to liver microsomes submitted to a similar fractionation.
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PMID:Distribution of selected phospholipid modifying enzymes in rat brain microsomal subfractions prepared by density gradient zonal rotor centrifugation. 298 22

Saponin and ammonium chloride lysis have been applied for some time to the separation of erythrocyte membranes from malarial-infected erythrocytes, allowing easy isolation of the parasites. We present a reevaluation of the use of saponin and ammonium chloride as tools for isolating Plasmodium (knowlesi or falciparum) parasites. Acetylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.7) was used as an erythrocyte membrane marker and CDP-choline: 1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) as a parasite membrane marker to monitor fractionation by these agents. Both saponin and ammonium chloride produced hemolysis of uninfected and infected erythrocytes, but failed to separate host erythrocyte membrane from the parasite, regardless of its stage. Thus, saponin and ammonium chloride can be used to isolate whole infected erythrocytes, depleted of hemoglobin, by selective disruption of uninfected cells.
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PMID:Reevaluation, using marker enzymes, of the ability of saponin and ammonium chloride to free Plasmodium from infected erythrocytes. 304 Sep 55

The presence of cholinergic nerves in cerebral arteries of several species was investigated by an immunohistochemical method using antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). In cats, pigs, rats, and dogs, ChAT immunoreactivities were found to be associated with large bundles and single fibers in the circle of Willis and anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and basilar arteries. In the rabbit, the ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-I) nerves were also observed in the circle of Willis and anterior and middle cerebral arteries, but only few or none were found in the basilar and vertebral arteries. The ChAT-I nerves were found only in the adventitial layer of vessels examined. Superior cervical ganglionectomy did not appreciably affect the distribution of ChAT-I nerves. These results indicate the presence of cholinergic nerves in cerebral arteries. The distribution pattern of ChAT-I nerves was different from that of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like-immunoreactive nerves and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves. The possible coexistence of ChAT and VIP-like substance in the same neuron is discussed.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985 Jun
PMID:Evidence for the presence of cholinergic nerves in cerebral arteries: an immunohistochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase. 388 79

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and substance P-containing nerve fibers were observed in the cerebral blood vessels using an immunohistochemical technique. VIP-containing nerve fibers distributed in a spiral pattern, similar to that of muscle cells. Under electron microscopic observation, VIP-immunoreactive terminals lay close to a muscle cell in the inner layer of the adventitia. In contrast, substance P-containing nerve fibers showed a meshwork pattern in the outer layer of the adventitia. Using both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining and VIP immunohistochemistry, AChE-positive and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers revealed almost the same distribution in the same specimen. The present data suggest that VIP-containing nerve fibers may play a role in the smooth muscle control of the blood vessels, whereas substance P-containing nerve fibers may not take part in muscle control.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984 Sep
PMID:A light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-containing nerve fibers along the cerebral blood vessels: comparison with aminergic and cholinergic nerve fibers. 620 80

The adaptation to repeated, alternate normobaric hypoxic and normoxic exposures (12 h/day, for 5 days) and to pharmacological treatment was evaluated by studying the specific activities of some enzymes related to cerebral energy metabolism. Measurements were carried out on (a) the homogenate in toto, (b) the purified mitochondrial fraction, and (c) the crude synaptosomal fraction in different areas of rat brain--cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The adaptation to intermittent normobaric hypoxic-normoxic exposures was characterized by significant modifications of some enzyme activities in synaptosomes (decrease of cytochrome oxidase activity in the hippocampus, corpus striatum, and cerebellum; decrease of malate dehydrogenase activity in the cerebellum) and in the purified mitochondrial fraction (increase of succinate dehydrogenase activity in the corpus striatum). Daily treatment with three doses of naftidrofuryl (10, 15, and 22.5 mg/kg i.m.) modified some enzyme activities affected or unaffected by intermittent hypoxia and, particularly, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984 Dec
PMID:Effect of prolonged and intermittent hypoxia on some cerebral enzymatic activities related to energy transduction. 650 47

With the use of fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, marked reductions have been shown in the noradrenergic and acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation of the right ( RMC ) and left (LMC) middle cerebral arteries of old compared with young adult rabbits. The decrease in noradrenergic nerve density tended to be greater in LMC than in RMC : Nerve density fell by approximately 45% in LMC and by approximately 30% in RMC . The reductions in acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves were similar in both LMC and RMC (29 and 33%, respectively). Vessel circumference and cross-sectional wall area appeared to increase in old age in LMC and RMC .
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984 Jun
PMID:Reduction in noradrenergic perivascular nerve density in the left and right cerebral arteries of old rabbits. 672 38


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