Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aims of the present study were to compare the health status of yellow eels (Anguilla anguilla) developing in three estuaries of the NW Portuguese coast with different levels of pollution and their physiological responses to combined effects of environmental variation and pollution. For this, a field study was performed using a multi-parameter approach, including eels condition indexes and biomarkers, water quality variables and other environmental factors. Sixteen biological parameters were assessed, namely: hepatosomatic index (LSI), Fulton's condition index (K), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total glutathione (TG), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidised glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG, and the activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), sodium-potassium ATPase (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferases (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). Ten environmental factors were also measured in water: temperature, salinity, pH, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, silica, phenol and hardness. Globally, the biomarkers indicate exposure and toxic effects of pollutants on eels living in contaminated estuaries. The relationships between biological and environmental variables were assessed through redundancy analysis. K and LSI indexes, AChE and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, total glutathione levels and the antioxidant enzymes CAT, GR, and SOD where the factors most discriminating reference (Minho River estuary) from contaminated estuaries (Lima and Douro Rivers estuaries). Moreover, the most striking outcomes of pollutants exposure on biological responses were observed during winter, probably due to a joint effect of cold weather and pollution stress. Altogether, the results indicate that the development of eels in the polluted estuaries of Lima and Douro rivers is interfering with physiological functions determinant for their survival and performance. This may increase the mortality rates during the continental life-phase of the species and decrease the percentage of animals able to successfully complete their oceanic migration and, thus, reduce the contribution of each generation to the next one.
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PMID:Yellow eel (Anguilla anguilla) development in NW Portuguese estuaries with different contamination levels. 1912 36

Several biomarkers indicative of stress were characterised in the crustaceans Aristeus antennatus and Nephrops norvegicus sampled off the Barcelona coast (NW Mediterranean). The biomarkers selected were cholinesterase (ChE) activities in muscle; and catalase, glutathione reductase (GR), total glutathione peroxidase (t-GPX), DT-diaphorase (DT-D), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and carboxylesterases (CbEs) in hepatopancreas tissue. Lipid peroxidation (LP) levels and total protein yield (PY) were also determined in muscle and hepatopancreas tissues. The activities and levels are discussed in relation to species and season, and differences in these two factors were observed for most biomarkers. AChEs and pseudocholinesterases were present in the muscles of both crustaceans. Catalase and GST activities were higher in N. norvegicus, whereas GR and t-GPX activities varied according to the season. Hepatic CbE activities were similar in the two crustaceans, whereas LP levels and PY were different between species. Seasonality and species particularities are factors to consider when these crustaceans are used as sentinels.
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PMID:Characterisation of integrated stress biomarkers in two deep-sea crustaceans, Aristeus antennatus and Nephrops norvegicus, from the NW fishing grounds of the Mediterranean sea. 1932 Dec 4

Malathion toxicity has been related to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and induction of oxidative stress, while zinc has been shown to possess neuroprotective effects in experimental and clinical studies. In the present study the effect of zinc chloride (zinc) was addressed in adult male Wistar rats following a long-term treatment (30 days, 300mg/L in tap water ad libitum) against an acute insult caused by a single malathion exposure (250mg/kg, i.p.). Malathion produced a significant decrease in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase, as well as a decrease in the activity of several hippocampal antioxidant enzymes: glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. The pretreatment with zinc did not completely prevent acetylcholinesterase activity impairment; however, antioxidant activity was completely restored. Zinc administration significantly increased HSP60, but not HSP70, expression. The HSP60 increase suggests a novel zinc-dependent pathway, which may be related to a counteracting mechanism against malathion effects. Based on these results the following hypothesis can be presented: the published "pro-oxidative" effect of malathion may be related, among others, to compromised antioxidant defenses, while the zinc "antioxidant" action may be related to the preservation of antioxidant defenses. In conclusion, our data points to the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes as an important non-cholinergic effect of malathion, which can be rescued by oral zinc treatment.
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PMID:Zinc reverses malathion-induced impairment in antioxidant defenses. 1942 56

Diethylene glycol (DEG) is largely used during oil and gas exploitation by offshore platforms. The aim of this work was to investigate if this compound induces direct molecular/cellular effects in marine organisms, or indirectly modulate those of produced waters (PWs). Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were exposed to DEG dosed alone or in combination with PWs from an Adriatic platform. A wide array of analysed biomarkers included cytochrome P450-dependent enzymatic activity, bile metabolites, glutathione S-transferases, acetylcholinesterase, peroxisomal proliferation, antioxidant defences (catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione), total oxyradical scavenging capacity, malondialdehyde and DNA integrity (single strand breaks and frequency of micronuclei). Results did not reveal marked effects of DEG, while PWs influenced the biotransformation system, the oxidative status and the onset of genotoxic damages. Co-exposures caused only limited differences of biomarker responses at some experimental conditions, overall suggesting a limited biological impact of DEG at levels normally deriving from offshore activities.
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PMID:Biological effects of diethylene glycol (DEG) and produced waters (PWs) released from offshore activities: a multi-biomarker approach with the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. 1951 71

The neuroprotective effect of an ethyl acetate extract of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae) Linn. fruits (EMC, ethyl acetate extract of Morinda citrifolia) at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. was studied on beta-amyloid (25-35) peptide induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. In the step-down inhibitory avoidance, EMC exhibited a significant increase in short-term memory and long-term memory (p < 0.05). A significant decrease (p < 0.01) in escape latency was noticed in the animals in the water maze. A significant increase (p < 0.01) in alteration of behavior was exhibited upon administration of EMC 200 and 400 mg/kg on the Y maze. Exploratory parameters such as line crossings, head dipping and rearing were increased significantly in EMC treated groups in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in acetyl cholinesterase activity was noticed in the EMC 200 and 400 mg/kg treated groups. The level of monoamine oxidase-A was decreased by the administration of EMC 200 and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). EMC at a dose of 400 mg/kg exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the levels of serotonin and dopamine. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and ascorbic acid were decreased significantly in the b-amyloid peptide injected group, whose levels were restored significantly (p < 0.01) by the administration of EMC (400 mg/kg).
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PMID:Protective effect of Morinda citrifolia fruits on beta-amyloid (25-35) induced cognitive dysfunction in mice: an experimental and biochemical study. 1958 80

The main objective of the present study was to investigate possible links between biomarkers and swimming performance in the estuarine fish Pomatoschistus microps acutely exposed to metals (copper and mercury). In independent bioassays, P. microps juveniles were individually exposed for 96 h to sub-lethal concentrations of copper or mercury. At the end of the assays, swimming performance of fish was measured using a device specially developed for epibenthic fish (SPEDE). Furthermore, the following biomarkers were measured: lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione S-transferases (GST), 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). LC(50)s of copper and mercury (dissolved throughout metal concentrations) at 96h were 568 microg L(-1), and 62 microg L(-1), respectively. Significant and concentration-dependent effects of both metals on swimming resistance and covered distance against water flow were found at concentrations equal or higher than 50 microg L(-1) for copper and 3 microg L(-1) for mercury (dissolved throughout metal concentrations). These results indicate that SPEDE was efficacious to quantify behavioural alterations in the epibenthic fish P. microps at ecologically relevant concentrations. Significant alterations by both metals on biomarkers were found including: inhibition of AChE and EROD activities, induction of LDH, GST and anti-oxidant enzymes, and increased LPO levels, with LOEC values ranging from 25 to 200 microg L(-1), for copper and from 3 to 25 microg L(-1) for mercury (dissolved throughout metal concentrations). Furthermore, significant and positive correlations were found between some biomarkers (AChE and EROD) and behavioural parameters, while negative correlations were found for others (LPO, anti-oxidant enzymes and LDH) suggesting that disruption of cholinergic function through AChE inhibition, decreased detoxification capability due to EROD inhibition, additional energetic demands to face chemical stress, and oxidative stress and damage may contribute to decrease the swimming performance of fish. Since a reduced swimming capability of fish may reduce their ability to capture preys, avoid predators, and interfere with social and reproductive behaviour, the exposure of P. microps to copper and/or mercury concentrations similar to those tested here may decrease the fitness of wild populations of this species.
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PMID:Acute effects of copper and mercury on the estuarine fish Pomatoschistus microps: linking biomarkers to behaviour. 1962 51

ABSTRACT Although its usage is partially banned in developed countries, organophosphate (OP) pesticide diazinon finds extensive agricultural application in our country (Turkey). This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diazinon on total glutathione (tGSH), GSH-related enzymes, cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in the liver of Oreochromis niloticus, a freshwater fish, as a model organism. Fish were exposed to 0.1, 1, and 2 mg/L sublethal concentrations of diazinon for 1, 7, 15, and 30 days. Total GSH levels, GSH-related enzyme and ChE-specific activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. tGSH levels are decreased at 1 day, while they were increased in the long-term period. GSH-related enzyme activities are affected by diazinon exposure, except glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.2.4). Diazinon displayed an oxidative stress-inducing potential and it increased lipid peroxidation. Similar inhibition levels were observed in acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8.) enzyme activities, and these inhibitions were not dose dependent. ChE inhibition-related oxidative stress was observed using its correlation with elevated tGSH levels and increased glutathione S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) enzyme activities; that reflects the diazinon-induced oxidative stress in the liver of O. niloticus. According to the results of the present study, tGSH level and GST-specific activity are suitable for reflecting the toxic effects of diazinon in fish.
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PMID:In vivo Alterations in Glutathione-Related Processes, Lipid Peroxidation, and Cholinesterase Enzyme Activities in the Liver of Diazinon-Exposed Oreochromis niloticus. 2002 Sep 55

The time-course stress responses (0, 1, 2, and 7 d) was assessed in plasmatic, branchial and renal parameters of juveniles Solea senegalensis exposed to different concentrations of the antifouling sodium hypochlorite (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5mgL(-1)). These stress responses were only assessed for the total length of exposure (7d) at the lowest NaClO concentration due to the high toxicity of this chemical. In addition, the xenobiotic metabolism responses were evaluated by means of enzymatic activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and carboxylesterase (CbE) in liver; as well as GST, GPX, CAT and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in gill. Oxidative stress damage due to sodium hypochlorite exposure was measured by lipid peroxidation levels in liver and gill. Concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5mgL(-1) produced lethal effects after 1d and 2h of exposure, respectively. After 1d of exposure to sublethal concentration of sodium hypochlorite (0.1mgL(-1)) osmoregulatory (osmolality and chloride) and stress (cortisol, glucose and lactate) plasmatic parameters were enhanced to respect at control fish. However after 3 or 7d these parameters returned to control values. No effects were observed on plasma protein and triglyceride levels or on gill and kidney Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activities. Diverse gill pathologies such as hypertrophy, lamellar fusion and an increase in goblet cell number and size were observed after 7d of exposure. Most biochemical parameters related to xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress were also significantly affected which suggests that seawater affected by sodium hypochlorite discharges from power plants, is able to alter the fish xenobiotic metabolism and generate oxidative stress.
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PMID:Biomarker responses in Solea senegalensis exposed to sodium hypochlorite used as antifouling. 2002 24

Mexel(R)432 is an anionic surfactant used as biocide in the cooling water system of power plants for biofouling reduction. Refrigeration waters from power plants do not usually follow, prior to their discharge to sea, any treatment aimed to eliminate biocides and this can have negative consequences on the aquatic fauna nearby. The effects of different concentrations of the antifoulant Mexel(R)432 (0.5, 1 and 2mgL(-1)) on osmoregulation (osmolality and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity) and stress parameters (cortisol, glucose, and lactate) were assessed in juveniles of the flatfish Solea senegalensis. Gill histopathology and alterations due to oxidative stress (increased lipid peroxidation, LPO, levels) at branchial and hepatic levels were also considered. Other parameters tested were the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; and glutathione reductase, GR), xenobiotic metabolism defenses involved in detoxification (carboxylesterase, CbE; 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, EROD; and glutathione S-transferase, GST) and the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Significant variations in osmoregulatory parameters, histological lesions and decreased branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity were observed in exposed fish. Other gill biomarkers presented little or no significant variations in relation to controls. In contrast, hepatic parameters, such as CAT activity, were inhibited while EROD activity was initially elevated but after longer exposures it recovered basal values. These results suggested that under our experimental protocol exists toxic associated to Mexel(R)432 exposures.
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PMID:Sublethal effects of the organic antifoulant Mexel(R)432 on osmoregulation and xenobiotic detoxification in the flatfish Solea senegalensis. 2011 Jan 1

The activity of cholinesterase (ChE), glutathione-S transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and catalase (CAT) was evaluated in the gill and digestive glands of the Perna perna mussel transplanted to three non-contaminated mariculture zones under the influence of distinct physical-chemical characteristics. Differences among sites for ChE, GST and CAT activities in gill, as well as ChE, GST and G6PDH activity in digestive gland of mussels, were found and possibly related to differences in physicochemical characteristics of the sites and/or biological status of the mussels. Mussels that were transplanted to another, more urbanized site (Ponta do Lessa) with similar physicochemical characteristics to one of the farming sites (Sambaqui), was also chosen to evaluate biomarker responses to pollution. Activities of ChE, GST and GR in the digestive glands and CAT in the gills were higher in the polluted site. GR was the only biomarker to be unaltered in different farming sites, but induced in the pollution site. The trace metal concentrations in the mussels were low and unlikely to cause the changes observed in the biomarker levels. The present study strongly suggests that monitoring programs should compare sites with similar physicochemical characteristics when using a complementary biomarker approach. In addition, the baselines for the biomarkers and metal used in the present study can serve as a reference for the monitoring of these mariculture zones in future monitoring programs employing P. perna.
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PMID:Biochemical biomarkers and metals in Perna perna mussels from mariculture zones of Santa Catarina, Brazil. 2038 Nov 45


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