Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in neonatal and adult female rats is described. Mainly an in toto acetylcholinesterase method was used; moreover, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase were demonstrated in sections. The major splanchnic nerve has its origin in the ninth and tenth thoracic sympathetic trunc ganglia. In the major splanchnic nerve a suprarenal ganglion is present. Sometimes the minor splanchnic nerve, arising from the tenth thoracic ganglion, joins the distal part of the suprarenal ganglion. The left and right major splanchnic nerves join the left and right celiac ganglia in the plexus. The left celiac ganglion is always bigger than the right one. The celiac plexus and the celiac inferior mesenteric plexus are joined by the intermesenteric plexus. Para-aortic nerves, originating in the caudal part of the thoracic sympathetic truncs, also join the abdominal prevertebral plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves, not symmetrical in their origin, join the prevertebral plexuses and give off branches to the abdominal organs. The suprarenal glands receive bundles of nerve fibers, sometimes ganglionated, from the suprarenal ganglion. The kidneys are innervated from the celiac plexus, the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves and the intermesenteric plexus. The ovarian nerves are derived from the celiac plexus, the intermesenteric plexus and the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves. Bundles of nerve fibers run from the suprarenal ganglion in the celiac plexus in the direction of the suspensory ligament of the ovary. In many respects this description is at variance with existing literature on the autonomic innervation in the rat. These differences with the standard literature are relevant to those workers engaged in experiments on the sympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera.
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PMID:The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in the female rat. 9 Apr 40

The autonomic innervation of the mouse gallbladder mucosa was studied using histo- and cytochemical methods. In a light microscopic investigation the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence was studied histochemically. Nerve fibres and small varicosities showed concentrations of AChE activity very close to the epithelium in the subepithelial connective tissue. No adrenergic nerves were observed in the mucosa. When using the electron microscope and employing the potassium permanganate fixation/staining technique only one sort of axonal enlargement was encountered, viz. the cholinergic type. These varicosities contained numerous agranular vesicles (500-600 A in diameter). No varicosities of the adrenergic (dense-cored vesicles) type were observed. Signs of increased secretory activity in the epithelium were observed in the first few minutes after cholinergic stimulation. After repeated in vivo stimulation, there was an almost total depletion of glycoprotein granules, best seen when using the cytochemical PA-CrA-silver technique. The findings suggest that the subepithelial connective tissue and the epithelium of the mouse gallbladder mucosa have a cholinergic innervation.
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PMID:Light and electron microscopic observations of the autonomic innervation of the mouse gallbladder mucosa. A histochemical, cytochemical, and secretory study. 33 Apr 73

The vacuolated neurons (VN) of the main hypogastric ganglion of the male rat were studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method for the histochemical demonstration of catecholamines. Microspectrofluorimetry was performed to identify the fluorophores and to quantify the FIF. The thiocholine method (Koelle-Gomori) was used to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activity. The fine structure of the VN was studied using glutaraldehyde/OsO4 fixation. (1) In the untreated adult male rat VN represent only a small population of the total number of hypogastric neurons (0.8--1.2%). The vacuoles are similar to those of the VN from the corresponding female ganglion. (2) The VN are considered to be adrenergic due to the nature of their fluorophore, indicating a primary catecholamine. (3) The first VN appear in the hypogastric ganglia at the age of 7 weeks. After testosterone administration to young rats, VN are found at the age of 4 weeks. (4) The basic fine structure of the VN is similar to that of other ordinary neurons of the hypogastric ganglia. (5) The content of the vacuoles could not be identified. (6) Indications of degeneration were not observed in the VN. (7) The VN are interpreted as being a functional stage of the "short" adrenergic neurons, which are under the control of steroid hormones. (8) Fifteen months after castration, no VN could be found in the hypogastric ganglia, while their number was normal in the corresponding control animals.
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PMID:Vacuolated neurons in the hypogastric ganglion of the rat. 47 5

The umbilical cords of 21 days old rat foetuses were investigated using histochemical methods for acetylcholinesterase and catecholamines. An AChE positive nerve plexus is situated only around the vitelline vessels. At regular intervals the bundles of this plexus exhibit small ganglia. These ganglia are made up of nerve cells, which are AChE positive and show formaldehyde induced fluorescence, thus indicating an adrenergic nature of these cells. No innervation could be found in the allantoic part of the umbilical cord.
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PMID:The innervation of the umbilical cord of the rat. A histochemical study. 56 Jul 89

The innervation of the rabbit conjunctiva was investigated histochemically. Nerves containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were demonstrated using a copper thiocholine technique. Sympathetic nerve fibres were demonstrated using either the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) or glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence (GIF) method. In addition, GIF and AChE-reactions were performed consecutively for the demonstration of fluorescent and AChE-positive nerves in the same specimen. The number of AChE-positive nerve fibres exceeded that of fluorescent fibres. Both fibre types were more numerous in the stroma of the limbal and tarsal conjunctiva than in the fornix. In the epithelium, only a few AChE-positive nerves were observed. These are assumed to be sensory. Most nerves seemed to contain both catecholamine-containing and AChE-positive fibres. However, nerves fibres containing only AChE-activity were also found. The blood vessels of the conjunctiva were innervated by both fluorescent and AChE-positive nerves, the distribution and number of which differed slightly.
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PMID:Catecholamine-containing and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres in the rabbit conjunctiva. 56 20

In the ectomesenchymal-endodermal interaction system (EEIS), a hanging drop culture in which an explant of neural fold from behind the prospective ear region of a Triturus alpestris neurula together with a piece of ventrolateral pharynx endoderm is cultivated, the differentiation of a variety of neural crest-derived cells (nerve cells, pigment cells, cartilage cells, perichondrial cells, Schwann cells) can be followed. While cartilage cells develop only in contact to pharynx endoderm, the differentiation of neural crest-derived neuroblasts, rhombencephalic brain derivatives and epidermis which segregate from the explant of neural fold, does not depend on the presence of pharynx endoderm. The development of neural derivatives was studied with respect to morphology and histochemistry. Outgrowing axons may be observed 2-3 days after the beginning of cultivation. The fibres increase in thickness and length during further development and frequently make contact with other cells. Cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen-stained neural crest cells in the EEIS revealed that 72% of cells had a 2c and 9% a 4c DNA content while 18% were in S phase. Nerve cells had a 2c DNA content and prospective chondroblasts were in S phase. About 60-70% of S phase and 4c cells were observed at the margin of the culture. Neural crest-derived neuroblasts and melanoblasts obviously reacted catecholamine-positive upon formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), while axons from the brain derivative were catecholamine-negative but acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive. Neural crest cells prior to visible differentiation and neural crest-derived neuroblasts were AChE-negative. Catecholamine-positive (= fluorescing) cells can be recognized as either neuro- or melanoblasts prior to displaying phenotypic features. In cultures incubated with 3H-Dopa, freeze-dried, treated with the FIF-procedure, and subjected to autoradiography, only melanoblasts specifically accumulated the label.
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PMID:The ectomesenchymal-endodermal interaction system of Triturus alpestris in tissue culture: morphological and histochemical characterization of developing neural derivatives. 70 Feb 84

Specific histochemical techniques for the demonstration of noradrenaline and of acetylcholinesterase have been used to study the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves to the cerebral blood vessels of turtle, Geoclemys reevesii. The major and medium-sized cerebral arteries were supplied with dense adrenergic nerve plexuses, the plexuses were particularly dense in the medium-sized pial arteries of very thick vascular wall, indicating the functional significance of these arteries in the cerebral circulation. The parenchymal arterioles and capillaries were also supplied with adrenergic nerves. On the other hand, the cholinergic innervation was less dense than the adrenergic one and the acetylcholinesterase activity of the nerve fibres was remarkably weak. By contrast, the parenchymal small arterioles and capillaries exhibited heavy acetylcholinesterase activity on the vascular wall and, in addition, the capillaries were supplied with the well-stained acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres. These fibres and also the adrenergic fibres associating with the capillaries appear to be of central origin. It is suggested that the cholinergic mechanisms in the parenchymal small vessels also play an important role in the cerebral circulation. The basophil leucocytes observed abundantly in the blood of turtle emitted an intensive greenish yellow fluorescence after formaldehyde gas-treatment.
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PMID:A histochemical study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the turtle. 91 39

Adrenergic nerves were demonstrated by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and cholinergic nerves using thiocholine techniques to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activities at the light and electron microscopic levels. The specimens were taken during surgery from the axillae of hyperhidrotic patients and normal voluntary controls. No fluorescent nerves were found around eccrine or apocrine sweat glands in hyperhidrotic or normally sweating axillae. Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands exhibited a nerve network showing acetylcholinesterase activity. There was no marked difference in the innervation patterns or in the intensity of the acetylcholinesterase reaction of the nerves in the hyperhidrotic patients or normal subjects. Ultrastructurally the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves were seen in the vicinity of both eccrine and apocrine glands, but these nerves were outside the basement membrane.
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PMID:Innervation of human axillary sweat glands. Histochemical and electron microscopic study of hyperhidrotic and normal subjects. 101 85

Light and electron microscopic histochemical reactions were studied in the cells of pars intermedia of the rat. The possible correlations between enzymatic reactions and endocrine functions of these cells were discussed. By combined formaldehyde and chloral vapour treatment the cells of the pars intermedia exhibited a strong yellow fluorescence suggesting the presence of a peptide or peptides with NH2-terminal tryptophan. Masked metachromasia after acid hydrolysis was probably due to these peptides. Only a weak or no alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and nonspecific esterase activity was observed in the cells of pars intermedia compared to the cells of pars distalis suggesting low production rate of hormone synthesis. Specific and non-specific cholinesterases were demonstrated light and electron microscopically constantly in the cells bordering the lobules. These cells probably represent a certain type of glial cells. In the other cells the enzymatic activities varied markedly in intensity and distribution showing different ultrastructural localizations. Thus cholinesterase activities in the cells of pars intermedia reflect possibly different functional stages of the cells in their hormone production, storage and secretion processes.
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PMID:Observations on the functional cytochemistry of pars intermedia of the rat hypophysis. 124 48

In 48 and 30 workers exposed to styrene and formaldehyde respectively activities of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were determined. Hematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and serum haptoglobin levels were also determined. Significant decrease in erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in workers exposed to styrene for 61-180 months was stated. Moreover, increased erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenase activity and decreased serum haptoglobin level was found in workers exposed to formaldehyde for 3-24 months. There were no differences in basic hematological parameters and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in both groups studied as compared to the control group.
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PMID:[Activity of selected enzymes of peripheral blood erythrocytes and serum haptoglobin levels in workers occupationally exposed to styrene and formaldehyde]. 130 56


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