Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reference values (inner limits of the percentiles P(2.5) and P(97.5) are given with a probability of 95%) for 21 plasma chemical variables were established in 79 peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). The following values were established: urea 0.8 to 3.9 mmol/l, creatinine 24 to 64 mumol/l, glucose 16.5 to 22.0 mmol/l, sodium 150 to 170 mmol/l, chloride 114 to 131 mmol/I, inorganic phosphorus 0.55 to 1.53 mmol/l, osmolal-ity 322 to 356 mOsmol/kg, alkaline phosphatase 31 to 121 IU/l, alanine aminotransferase 29 to 90 IU/l, aspartate aminotransferase 34 to 116 U/l, gamma glutamyl transferase 0 to 3 IU/l, lactate dehydrogenase 1008 to 2650 IU/l, creatine kinase 120 to 442 IU/l, cholinesterase 143 to 325 IU/1, glutamate dehydrogenase < 8 IU/l, total bile acids 5 to 69 mumol/l, uric acid 253 to 995 mumol/l, total protein 24 to 39 g/l, albumin 12.7 to 22.4 g/l. Reference values for the calculated albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio were 0.8 to 24. Based on previous studies, reference values for calcium were established using an adjustment formula using plasma total protein concentrations (before correction 1.86 to 2.49, after correction 1.97 to 2.46 mmol/l). Results of plasma potassium concentrations were erratic which was shown to be due to a time lag between sample collection and separation of plasma and cells.
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PMID:Plasma chemistry in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus): Reference values and physiological variations of importance for interpretation. 1848 69

Under local practice of Egyptian conditions, the application of (14)C-fenitrothion on soybeans at a dose of 10mg insecticide/kg grains, led to the formation of 21% of (14)C-bound residues (non-extractable) after 24 weeks of storage. The external residues were 20% and the internal extracts were 55% of the applied dose. Feeding studies on rats revealed that bound residues were bioavailable. After feeding rats for three days with bound (14)C-fenitrothion residues, the main portion of radioactivity was eliminated via expired air (42%), urine (20%) and feces (11.5%). About 15% of the administered radioactivity was distributed among various organs as, liver, kidney, lung, fat, intestine, blood, heart, and brain. Toxicity of bound residues of (14)C-fenitrothion in stored soybeans was studied in mice through feeding experiments for three months at a concentration of 1.9 mg/kg. The maximum inhibition in plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was observed 22.5%, 18.9% and 8.6%, 9% after one and seven days, respectively. The obtained results showed a slight significant elevation after three months in the activity of liver enzymes alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase. A moderate increase in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentration was observed in the treated groups at the end of the experimental period. The detected levels of albumin and total protein showed no significant compared to the control values, of controlled animals, after three months.
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PMID:Toxicological evaluation and bioavailability of (14)C-fenitrothion bound residues on soybeans towards experimental animals. 1863 7

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative relation between measured red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC AChE) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities with exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) as assessed by measurement of urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) in a study group of workers occupationally exposed in the manufacture of CPF and a referent group of chemical manufacturing workers. Measures of plasma BuChE and RBC AChE activity and urinary TCPy concentration collected over a year-long study (1999-2000) in CPF-exposed workers (n=53) and referents (n=60) were analyzed using linear mixed models to characterize exposure-response relationships. Intraindividual variability in cholinesterase measures was compared between CPF-exposed workers and referents. Urinary TCPy concentrations in CPF workers were substantially elevated compared to referents, with median and 95th percentile concentrations during typical employment conditions 10-fold and more than 30-fold higher, respectively, than corresponding measures in the referents. Intraindividual variability in cholinesterase activities was substantial, with 17% of unexposed referents experiencing one or more plasma BuChE measures more than 20% below baseline over a year of repeated, periodic measurements. RBC AChE activity, an early biomarker of effect, was unrelated to urinary TCPy concentration over the entire range of exposure, up to 1000 microg TCPy/g creatinine (Cr). Plasma BuChE activity, a non-adverse biomarker of exposure, was negatively related to urinary TCPy concentrations above approximately 110 microg TCPy/g Cr. No-effect levels for inhibition of plasma BuChE and RBC AChE corresponding to absorbed doses of CPF of approximately 5 and greater than 50 microg/kg/day, respectively, were identified. These findings are consistent with previous no-effect level determinations for ChE inhibition in humans and suggest that general population CPF exposure levels are substantially below the identified no-effect levels. The dose-response relationships observed in this study are consistent with predictions from the previously published physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for CPF. Intraindividual variability in measured cholinesterase activities in referents was substantial, suggesting that ongoing monitoring programs may have a substantial rate of false positives.
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PMID:Cholinesterase inhibition in chlorpyrifos workers: Characterization of biomarkers of exposure and response in relation to urinary TCPy. 1871 7

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin in terms of normalization of altered biochemical parameters following sodium arsenite treatment in rats. Animals were divided into four groups. The first group was used as control. While, groups 2, 3 and 4 were orally treated with curcumin (Cur, 15 mg/kg BW), sodium arsenite (Sa, 5 mg/kg BW) and sodium arsenite plus curcumin, respectively. Results showed that the activities of transaminases and phosphatases were significantly decreased in liver due to Sa administration, whereas increased in plasma. The activity of brain and plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was decreased in rats treated with Sa. Also, Sa significantly decreased plasma total protein (TP), albumin (Alb) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), while increased glucose, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, total lipid (TL), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c). Curcumin alone decreased the levels of glucose, urea, creatinine, TL, cholesterol, TG and LDL-c. Curcumin reduced Sa-induced transaminases, phosphatases, glucose, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, TL, cholesterol and TG. Moreover, curcumin induced Sa-reduced liver transaminases and phosphatases, plasma and brain AChE, and the levels of TP and Alb. Experimental results, therefore suggested that curcumin protects arsenic induced biochemical alterations in rats.
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PMID:Sodium arsenite induced biochemical perturbations in rats: ameliorating effect of curcumin. 1880 55

There has been growing interest in the specific impacts of anthropogenic factors on the health of wildlife. This study examined hematology and serum chemistry status of a prominent carnivore, the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), living in, on the boundaries to, or on adjacent farmlands to the Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil. Twenty-eighty wolves were captured, and values were compared 1) between subadults (n=8 animals) and adults (n=20 animals), 2) males (n=12 animals) and females (n=16 animals), and 3) among wolves living inside the park (n=11), near the park border (n=11 animals), and in neighboring farming areas (n=6 animals). Age, gender, and wolf locations influenced (P<0.05) hematology and serum biochemistry values. Specifically, adults had lower (P<0.05) circulating phosphorus than subadults. Males had lower (P<0.05) serum glucose, creatinine phosphokinase, and cholesterol and higher (P<0.05) potassium than females. Erythrocyte count and serum cholinesterase were lower (P<0.05) in wolves living within the park compared with near the park border or on farmlands. Mean corpuscular volume was lower (P<0.05) in wolves living near the park border than those ranging within the park and on farmlands. Aspartate transaminase and chloride were higher (P<0.05) in wolves living inside the park compared with those ranging near the park border. Creatinine phosphokinase was lower (P<0.05) in wolves living on farmland compared with the other two locations. These results clearly reveal a relationship between age and gender on hematology and serum biochemistry values in free-living maned wolves. More importantly, certain traits indicative of health are potentially compromised in wolves living in areas under anthropogenic pressure. These data lay a foundation for examining the influence of farming and local domestic species on disease susceptibility and fitness in the maned wolf.
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PMID:Hematology and blood chemistry parameters differ in free-ranging maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) living in the Serra da Canastra National Park versus adjacent farmlands, Brazil. 1920 38

Serum chemistry reference values may provide useful information about the physical condition of individuals, making them a useful tool in differentiating normal and healthy animals from abnormal or diseased states. For Japanese quail that are used for producing eggs and meat for human consumption and also as laboratory animals, we aimed to extend the available array of reference values and to compare 16-wk-old adult male versus female birds. In the present study, clinical chemistry data (albumin, total protein, glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, bilirubin, cholinesterase, creatinine, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase) in blood serum from up to 125 male and 151 female Japanese quail were established. Statistical comparisons were made between male and female birds. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose, cholinesterase, and bilirubin values were higher (P < 0.01) in males, whereas females had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of albumin, total protein, gamma-glutamyltransferase, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. No significant sex-based differences were observed for creatinine and uric acid. The reference values provided are relevant in particular for the use of quail as laboratory animals when responses to specific treatments have to be monitored and appraised.
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PMID:Serum chemistry reference values in adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) including sex-related differences. 1943 29

The study aimed to determine the hazardous health effects of pesticides exposure in the factory workers by measuring plasma cholinesterase (PChE), pesticides residues, and renal and hepatic biochemical markers. In addition, we also assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and safety practices adopted by the industrial workers. The study was conducted in three different sizes of factories located in Lahore (large), Multan (medium), and Karachi (small) in Pakistan. Total 238 adult males consisting of 184 pesticide industrial workers (exposed group) from large-sized (67), medium-sized (61), small-sized (56) industrial formulation factories, and 54 controls (unexposed) were included in the study. All the participants were male of aged 18 to 58 years. PChE levels were estimated by Ellmann's method. Plasma pesticides residue analysis was performed by using reverse phase C-18 on high-performance liquid chromatograph and GC with NPD detector. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, urea, and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured on Selectra E auto analyzer. Plasma and C-reactive protein was analyzed by Immulite 1000. The results revealed a significant decrease in plasma post exposure PChE levels (<30%) as compared to baseline in the workers of small (29%) and medium (8%) industrial units (p < 0.001). Plasma cypermethrin, endosulfan, imidacloprid, thiodicarb, carbofuran, and methamidophos levels were found to be higher than allowable daily intake. Serum AST, ALT, creatinine GGT, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant, and CRP were significantly raised among the workers of small and medium pesticide formulation factories as compared to large industrial unit and controls (p < 0.001). The study demonstrated that unsafe practices among small- and medium-sized pesticides industrial workers cause significant increase in pesticide exposure, oxidative stress, and derangement of hepatic and renal function.
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PMID:Monitoring health implications of pesticide exposure in factory workers in Pakistan. 1966 82

Accidents caused by lionfish (Pterios volitans) envenomation are characterized by edema, intense pain, and necrosis at the site of sting. The mode of action and biochemistry of venoms are obviously complex and require a better knowledge and investigation to explore the toxic action and resulting biochemical changes. In the present study the LD(50) value of lionfish venom was found to be 42.5 mug/kg body weight (intraperitoneal injection) in Albino Swiss mice and was associated with reduced motor activity and asphyxiation followed by respiratory failure. The effect on vital organs revealed spongiosis in brain, vascular congestion in liver, cloudy swelling of renal tubules, congested blood vessels in renal tubules, and degeneration of myofibrils in heart. Whereas, the 10% of LD(50) (was 4.25 mug/kg b.w.), the sublethal dose showed reversible changes in the hematological (blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and platelet count) parameters, serum enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine phosphokinase), blood sugar, urea, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, and total protein in mouse in vivo. The in vitro analysis of lionfish venom on mouse brain acetyl cholinesterase and Na(+), K(+), ATPase showed significant increased activity in a dose-dependent manner (10 to 40 mug). Moreover, the lionfish venom was observed to have a protease with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. Hence, the present study suggests the presence of bioactive proteins and peptides with excellent target specificity, which could be trapped for drug development in near future.
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PMID:In vivo and in vitro characterization of the biochemical and pathological changes induced by lionfish (pterios volitans) venom in mice. 2002 Sep 95

The authors studied influence of vibration on some serum biochemical values. Oxidative stress and muscular tissue parameters appeared to be the earliest indicators to change. Preclinical stage of vibration disease is characterized by lower activity of superoxide dismutase, increased urinary levels of creatinine and CCr coefficient. Slight increase in serum catalase activity is seen. These parameters increase in vibration disease patients. Urinary creatinine level remains high in some individuals with residual manifestations of vibration disease, after the exposure. Serum levels of copper, ceruloplasmin, potassium, sodium, cholinesterase activity are changed insignificantly under influence of vibration. The authors calculated occurrence of individuals who demonstrate abnormal changes of the stated parameters.
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PMID:[Biochemical markers of vibration effects in workers, and their criterial evaluation]. 2015 97

We compared hematologic parameters and liver and kidney function tests in occupationally exposed pesticide sprayers of grape gardens (n = 60) and normal healthy participants (n = 30), 20-45 years of age, in Western Maharashtra (India). Venous blood samples were collected from both groups. Compared with control participants, sprayers showed the following-significantly increased serum C reactive protein (117.6%), liver function marker enzymes-serum aspartate transaminase (57%), alanine transaminase (37.4%), alkaline phosphatase (16.9%), serum bilirubin (41.8%), creatinine (18.4%), blood glucose (11.4%), and urea (13.%); and decreased acetyl cholinesterase activity (30.9%) and serum cholesterol (12.12%). Serum total protein, globulin, and the A/G ratio were not significantly altered, however, but serum albumin decreased slightly (3.3%, P <.05). Compared with the control group, hematologic parameters significantly decreased in sprayers-hemoglobin (6.9%), hematocrit (3%), mean corpuscular volume (3.8%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (4.5%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (5.8%), and red blood cell count (7.7%), whereas the white blood cell count increased (18.2%). The decreased serum acetyl cholinesterase value indicates a high degree of pesticides absorption, which leads to impairment of liver and kidney functions and slightly altered hematologic parameters in the occupationally exposed pesticides sprayers of grape gardens studied here.
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PMID:Occupational pesticides exposure of sprayers of grape gardens in western Maharashtra (India): effects on liver and kidney function. 2021 20


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