Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of neurotensin immunoreactivity in the basal ganglia of the adult rat was evaluated by studying alternate serial vibratome sections that were exposed to antiserum against neurotensin, substance P, or cholecystokinin. It was observed that a heterogeneous distribution of neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals contributes to the neurochemical compartmentation of the ventral pallidum and ventral striatum, and that significant numbers of neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons occupy striatal districts of the olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, and ventromedial caudate-putamen. An intense band of pallidal neurotensin immunoreactivity characterizes the medial part of the ventral pallidum adjacent to the nucleus accumbens, whose medial boundary is conveniently defined in sections incubated with cholecystokinin antiserum. Electron microscopic studies showed that the pallidal plexus of neurotensin-immunoreactive elements consists primarily of boutons, which contact large dendrites in arrangements that in all respects appear to be of the classical striatopallidal variety. A gradual decrease in immunolabel was observed approaching the lateral parts of the ventral pallidum, which display sparse neurotensin immunoreactivity. The results thus indicate the existence of a significant neurotensinergic striatopallidal pathway confined primarily, if not exclusively, to the medial part of the ventral striatopallidal system. The contribution of neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals to the compartmentation of ventral striatum is expressed most vividly in their exclusion from clusters of tightly packed medium-sized neurons, many of which are intensely substance P immunoreactive. Such clusters appear identical with those previously described as rich in opiate receptors and poor in acetylcholinesterase activity. In the ventral striatal region where the nucleus accumbens and ventromedial caudate-putamen merge, neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons are organized in clusters. Further rostral in the nucleus accumbens, they are more evenly distributed. Few were found in the dorsolateral quadrant of the neostriatum.
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PMID:Ventral striatopallidal parts of the basal ganglia in the rat: I. Neurochemical compartmentation as reflected by the distributions of neurotensin and substance P immunoreactivity. 245 91

Evidence has accumulated to implicate neuropeptides localized within midbrain dopamine neurons (cholecystokinin, neurotensin, acetylcholinesterase) in synaptic transmission, mental disease, and pharmacotherapy. We suggest a means by which antipsychotic drugs alter the dynamics between dopamine and colocalized peptides: the intrinsic ability of these agents to stimulate dopamine neuronal activity while blocking dopamine receptors modulates the ratio of catecholaminergic to peptidergic transmission within the mesotelencephalic system. Imbalances of peptide and dopamine cotransmission and their modulation by neuroleptics may be relevant to the pathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia.
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PMID:A mechanism for the involvement of colocalized neuropeptides in the actions of antipsychotic drugs. 256 35

The purpose of this study was to examine the structural and connective integration of developing hippocampal neurons grafted to ischemic lesions of the adult rat hippocampus. The 4-vessel occlusion model was used to cause transient cerebral ischemia which damages CA1 pyramidal cells in the dorsal hippocampus, but spares nonpyramidal neurons and afferents in the area. One week later, cell suspensions were made from the CA1 region of fetal (E18-20) rats and injected stereotaxically into the lesion. The recipient brains were examined 6 weeks to 6 months later for survival, morphology, and intrinsic and extrinsic connections of the grafts. The methods used included cell stains, histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), immunocytochemical staining for neuropeptides (cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SS), enkephalin (Enk) and an astrocytic marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as well as tracing by retrograde axonal transport of fluorochromes and light and electron microscopy of anterograde axonal degeneration. The grafts survived well (80%) and were often quite large. They were well integrated in the lesioned host brain area, contained both pyramidal cells and neuropeptidergic neurons and displayed a near normal GFAP immunoreactivity for astrocytes. The latter contrasted the dense gliosis of the host ischemic lesion. Judged by the AChE staining the grafts were innervated by cholinergic host septohippocampal fibers. Ingrowth of host hippocampal commissural fibers was demonstrated by Fink-Heimer staining for degenerating nerve terminals following acute lesions of the hippocampal commissures. At the ultrastructural level degenerating, electron dense terminals of host commissural origin were found even deep inside the graft neuropil in synaptic contact with mainly dendritic spines. A transplant efferent connection to the host brain was demonstrated by retrograde fluorochrome tracing and consisted of a homotypic projection to more posterior levels of the ipsilateral host CA1 and subiculum. Minor abnormal, efferent projections to the host dentate molecular layer were shown in Timm staining. We conclude that fetal CA1 neurons grafted to one week old ischemic lesions of the dorsal CA1 in adult rats become structurally well incorporated and can establish nerve connections with the host brain.
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PMID:Neural grafting to ischemic lesions of the adult rat hippocampus. 270 27

Grafts of fetal striatum were implanted in the form of a cell suspension into the brains of rats with prior ibotenic acid lesions of the caudate-putamen. The grafts were placed in three different sites: the lesioned caudate-putamen, or the denervated (but otherwise undamaged) globus pallidus and substantia nigra. After 3-6 months survival the grafts were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry and receptor autoradiography in combination with routine histology and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. The grafts placed within the lesioned caudate-putamen were at least 10-fold larger larger than those placed in the substantia nigra region, with the grafts placed in the globus pallidus being of intermediate size. In all locations the acetylcholinesterase staining had an uneven, patchy distribution, which was most pronounced in the grafts located within the caudate-putamen. These patches did not bear any obvious relationship to variations in density of the neuronal perikarya within the grafted tissue. Many of the neuropeptide-immunoreactive neuron types present in the normal striatum, such as those containing substance P, [Met]enkephalin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and neuropeptide Y were also detected in the grafted striatum along with acetylcholinesterase-positive staining. Acetylcholinesterase-positive, [Met]enkephalin-positive, substance P-positive and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive markers all showed uneven, patchy distributions in the grafts. This was also the case for the distribution of dopamine D2 and opiate receptors (as revealed by [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]diprenorphine autoradiography, respectively), whereas muscarinic receptor binding was even throughout the grafts. As is the case in the so-called striosomal patches (neurochemically defined compartments) in the immature intact striatum during the early postnatal period, patches of high acetylcholinesterase staining in the grafts showed partial correspondence with patches of high [Met]enkephalin fibre staining, and dopamine receptor density, and (although to a lesser degree) also with patches of high opiate receptor density and high substance P-immunoreactivity. This correspondence of patches also occurred between tyrosine hydroxylase fibre staining and acetylcholinesterase staining as revealed by grafts placed into the substantia nigra. These results suggest that the fetal striatal cell suspension grafts will give rise to a fairly normal range of striatal neuron and receptor types and that they develop at least some of the striosomal features characteristic for the normal striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neural grafting in a rat model of Huntington's disease: striosomal-like organization of striatal grafts as revealed by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, immunocytochemistry and receptor autoradiography. 282 74

The paracervical ganglia of the female rat were studied to elucidate the variety of neural elements in the ganglia. Light and electron microscopy, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry were employed to reveal subtypes of neurons; small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells; and nerve terminals and to examine the relationships between these elements. On the basis of their histochemical markers, four subtypes of principal neurons were identified: acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)-positive, noradrenergic, neuropeptide tyrosine-immunoreactive (NPY-I), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive (VIP-I). The NPY-I neurons appeared to be the most numerous and the noradrenergic the least common type of neuron. Four subtypes of chemically coded SIF cells were revealed: catecholamine-containing, NPY-I, and those immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP-I) and cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8-I). The SIF cells were present as single cells among and adjacent to principal neurons and as large clusters near the edges of the ganglia or in nearby nerve trunks. Synaptic contacts on SIF cells, or between SIF-cell processes and neurons, were not observed. Seven subtypes of nerve terminals were stained: ACHE-positive, CGRP-I, CCK-8-I, VIP-I, substance P-I, enkephalin-I, and atrial natriuretic factor-I. Nerve terminals enwrapped the neurons as perineuronal plexuses in synaptic-like relationships. These results demonstrate that the paracervical ganglia of the female rat are a complex system of neural elements. For example, several classes of chemically coded neurons, SIF cells, and terminals exist in the ganglia. Each of these components contains a number of substances, some of which are putative neurotransmitters, which could influence activity in the ganglia or in the effector organs innervated by the ganglia.
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PMID:Paracervical ganglia of the female rat: histochemistry and immunohistochemistry of neurons, SIF cells, and nerve terminals. 288 3

The immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), Neurotensin (NT), cholecystokinin (CCK), Neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) in rat Harderian glands was examined. Numerous VIP- and CCK-like immunoreactive nerves were found in close apposition to the acini. Sparse numbers of NT-, NPY-, and CGRP-like immunoreactive nerves were observed in close proximity to the acini and blood vessels. Some VIP-like immunoreactive nerves were shown to be co-localized with acetylcholinesterase-positive cholinergic nerves.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the rat Harderian gland. 288 42

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ntdl) contains a cluster of cells located just medial to the locus coeruleus in the pontine brainstem. The ntdl has been shown to project both rostrally to the forebrain and diencephalon and caudally to the spinal cord. In an effort to characterize this region neurochemically, the present study was conducted to identify a variety of neurochemicals localized within perikarya and fibers of the ntdl and surrounding nuclei. Rats were perfused with formalin, and brain sections were processed for fluorescence immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of the neurochemicals screened, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin B (Dyn B), galanin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin (5HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied. AChE and ChAT staining revealed that the ntdl contains mostly cholinergic neurons. In addition, brightly reactive substance P and galanin and paler staining CRF, ANF, CGRP, NT, VIP, and Dyn B cell bodies were found within the ntdl. Varicose fibers in this nucleus also contained these peptides in addition to CCK, GAD, TH, 5HT, and NPY. The dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial region contained a dense and varied assortment of peptides with distinct positions and patterns. This multiplicity of neurochemicals within this area suggests a possible influence on a variety of functions modulated by the ntdl and other closely associated tegmental nuclei.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. 289 81

The characteristics of the islands of Calleja complex (ICC) in the basal forebrain of the rat were studied with immunohistochemistry, histofluorescence, acetylcholinesterase staining, India ink vascular perfusions, electron microscopy, and steroid autoradiography. The ICC contains clusters of granule cells and associated medium-sized and large cells in the surrounding neuropil of the olfactory tubercle and septum-nucleus accumbens interface. The ICCs were found to contain monoamine fibers (dopamine and norepinephrine), neuroactive peptide fibers (leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, substance P, cholecystokinin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone), acetylcholinesterase-containing somata and dendrites, and medium-sized and large cells that concentrate [3H] estradiol. The specific overlap and combination of putative neurotransmitters in separate compartments of the ICC suggest that these structures contain striatum- and pallidumlike components. Striatumlike regions are defined as the zone in the rim regions of the ICC and are innervated predominantly by dopamine and cholecystokinin inputs. Pallidumlike regions are defined as the synaptic zone near the medium-sized and large cells of the cap and core regions of the ICC and they are innervated predominantly by enkephalin, substance P, and gamma aminobutyric acid inputs. The morphology, connections, and neurotransmitter relationships of the ICC, therefore, resemble classical striatopallidal systems. The additional presence of substances involved in the reproductive neuroendocrine systems (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, estradiol-binding cells, especially in the medial ICC, suggest that some ICC are involved in an endocrine corticostriatopallidal system. These endocrine systems resemble other neocortically and allocortically originating corticostriatopallidal systems in terms of their cell types, connections, and neurotransmitter systems. A functional role for the ICC in extrapyramidal motor systems is proposed.
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PMID:The islands of Calleja complex of rat basal forebrain. III. Histochemical evidence for a striatopallidal system. 613 33

Cultures derived from rat cerebral hemispheres were sequentially stained for acetylcholinesterase activity and for either somatostatin-like immunoreactivity or cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was found to coexist with acetylcholinesterase activity in individual neurons of several morphological subtypes, but cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity and acetycholinesterase activity were never seen in the same neurons. These findings suggest a specific anatomical association, perhaps even an overlap, of the cholinergic and somatostatinergic systems in the mammalian cerebrum, and indicate that the combined deficiencies of somatostatin and cholinergic markers in Alzheimer's dementia and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type may be of pathophysiological importance.
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PMID:Coexistence of acetylcholinesterase and somatostatin-immunoreactivity in neurons cultured from rat cerebrum. 614 Jul 57

Four peptides--vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin and a peptide-like avian pancreatic polypeptide--have been found in nerves of the human male genitalia using highly sensitive and specific methods of immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Five other peptides (met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, bombesin and cholecystokinin-8) were absent. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was the most abundant peptide, its highest concentration being in the proximal corpus cavernosum. Immunoelectron microscopy localized this peptide to large (97 +/- 20 nm), round, electron-dense granules of p-type nerve terminals. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were found in the prostate gland and the root of the corpus cavernosum. Substance P immunoreactive material was present in smaller concentration and was mainly localized in nerves around the corpuscular receptors of the glans penis. Somatostatin immunoreactive nerves were associated mainly with the smooth muscle of the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens. When antiserum to avian pancreatic polypeptide was applied, certain nerves were stained, particularly in the vas deferens, the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle. However, chromatography detected no pure avian pancreatic polypeptide suggesting the presence of a structurally related substance, possibly neuropeptide Y, which cross-reacts with the avian pancreatic polypeptide antiserum. Similar distributions between vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves and between avian pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive and adrenergic nerves were observed. A general neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase, was used to investigate the general pattern of the organ's innervation. The abundance and distribution patterns of these peptide-immunoreactive nerves indicate that they may play important roles in the male sexual physiology.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the human male genital tract. 619 58


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