Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The uterus and vagina of the guinea pig have been examined, region by region, for acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, as well as for the neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, enkephalin and somatostatin. No acetylcholinesterase activity was localized in the uterus, though it was present in associated paracervical ganglion tissues. Of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was found virtually throughout the reproductive tract, whereas aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity was restricted in its distribution. Neuropeptide distribution was quite varied. Neuropeptide Y was found throughout the endometrium/submucosa but only in the muscularis of the vagina and not in the myometrium. Substance P was localized in the vagina and uterine horn, though not the body of the uterus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in all regions of the endometrium/submucosa, but not in the myometrium of the uterine horn. Enkephalin and somatostatin were not localized in any part of the reproductive tract examined, apart from paracervical ganglion tissues. The types and significance of the nerves supplying the reproductive tract are discussed.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides in the female guinea-pig uterus and vagina. 135 70

The effect of substance P on the end-plate currents (EPC) and miniature EPC (MEPC) was studied in the "cut" sartorius muscle of the frog using voltage-clamp technique after acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Substance P in the concentration 5.10(-7)-1.10(-6) mol/l had no effect on the amplitude and time course of the single EPC and MEPC, but promoted significant prolongation of EPC decay during repetitive nerve stimulation (10/s), which indicated development of postsynaptic potentiation. Elevation of the substance P concentration to 5.10(-6) mol/l has led to the shortening of single EPS decay and more significant depression of the EPC amplitude in trains. This effect was connected with a decrease of the postsynaptic membrane sensitivity to acetylcholine, i. e. development of desensitization.
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PMID:[The postsynaptic effects of substance P in the frog neuromuscular synapse]. 165 84

The anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG) of the male guinea-pig has been found to consist of three principal components. The presence of a cholinergic component was determined by the demonstration of cytoplasmic and nerve fibre acetylcholinesterase activity. A noradrenergic component was demonstrated by immunoreactivity (IR) of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in neuronal perikarya. The AMPG also had a peptidergic component which may or may not sub-classify the cholinergic and noradrenergic components. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactivities were seen in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres and nerve terminals/varicosities, while somatostatin (SOM)-IR was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Substance P (SP)-IR was present in a dense network of varicose nerve fibres. However, on a rare occasion SP-IR was observed in neuronal perikarya. Enkephalin (ENK)-IR occurred in a sparsely distributed plexus of varicose nerve fibres. The analysis of adjacent serial sections demonstrated distinct patterns of neuropeptide coexistence in AMPG neurons. NPY-IR was colocalised to a subpopulation of TH-IR neuronal perikarya. NPY-IR was also colocalised with VIP-IR in non-TH-IR neuronal perikarya. VIP-IR occurred together with AChE in particular neuronal perikarya. The relationship between immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and immunoreactive nerve terminals was investigated. SP-IR nerve terminals were closely related to neuronal perikarya exhibiting VIP-, NPY-, or TH-IR. TH-IR neuronal perikarya were also abutted by ENK-IR nerve terminals. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were abutted by two nerve terminal types: one immunoreactive for VIP, the other for NPY. DBH-IR neuronal perikarya received AChE-positive varicosities while AChE-positive neurons were abutted by DBH-IR varicose nerve fibres. AChE-positive varicosities were also closely related to neuronal perikarya possessing VIP-IR and AChE activity.
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PMID:Specific patterns of immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the anterior major pelvic ganglion of the male guinea-pig. 168 Aug 42

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase and of two neuropeptide (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide) immunoreactivities has been investigated in sensory neurons of lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia during chick embryo development, combining immunolocalization of neuropeptides with simultaneous histochemical detection of acetylcholinesterase, in order to study co-localization of the two peptides and their relations with acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase at E7 of development appears in only a few neurons, usually the larger ones located in the lateroventral region of the ganglia. As development proceeds the number of neurons and intensity of staining increase. Until E12-13 acetylcholinesterase positivity is limited to the region of the ganglion containing larger neurons. At later stages (E20) it spreads progressively, leading to staining of cells over the whole ganglion. Substance P-like immunoreactivity appears at E6 and for calcitonin gene-related peptide at E7. These immunoreactivities progressively increase with development, remaining limited to the small neuron compartment of the dorsomedial region of the ganglion. Immunoreactivity for both neuropeptides reaches a maximum around E10-13 and then declines. Using simultaneous double immunostaining, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P-like immunoreactivities are largely co-localized, although their distribution is not completely coincident. Neuropeptide-positive cells are usually devoid of any acetylcholinesterase activity until E15. They become positive for the enzyme at later stages. The significance of acetylcholinesterase expression in sensory neurons and the possible relation of its appearance and neuron size is discussed.
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PMID:Ontogeny of acetylcholinesterase, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in chick dorsal root ganglia. 169 14

Localization of acetylcholinesterase positive neurons and substance P and enkephalin fibers were studied by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the intermediate sympathetic zone of the spinal cords of 39 human embryos/fetuses from gestation ages five to 40 weeks. Acetylcholinesterase positive neurons were observed in the nucleus intermediolateralis pars principalis as early as the fifth week of gestation. By the ninth to 13th weeks of gestation, positive neurons were also seen in the nuclei intermedialis pars funicularis, intercalatus spinalis and intercalatus pars paraependymalis. Increase in amount of these positive acetylcholinesterase neurons was demonstrated till term. Substance P and enkephalin fibers were initially observed by the eighth gestation week in the intermediolaterlis pars principalis nucleus and positive fibers were then detected in the nucleus intermedialis pars funicularis as well as the nucleus intercalatus spinalis by the 14th week of gestation. By the 26th week of gestation, all the major nuclei intermediolateralis par principalis, intermedialis pars funicularis, intercalatus spinalis and intercalatus pars paraependymalis has substance P and enkephalin fibers. Initial demonstration of acetylcholinesterase positive neurons appeared to be at an earlier stage than that of our substance P and enkephalin positive fibers.
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PMID:Localization of acetylcholinesterase positive neurons and substance P and enkephalin positive fibers by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the sympathetic intermediate zone of the developing human spinal cord. 170 69

The major findings and conclusions of this study are the following: Indirect evidence for the presence of the bronchoconstrictive transmitter acetylcholine in the human bronchial smooth muscle was obtained by demonstration of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers and nerve profiles of cholinergic type. Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers and nerve profiles of cholinergic type were found in human bronchial glands. A sparse adrenergic innervation of the human bronchial smooth muscle and glands was found by using catecholamine histofluorescence. This observation was supported by finding ultrastructurally adrenergic-like nerve profiles close to smooth muscle cells. Direct evidence for the presence of a new possible bronchodilating transmitter VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) in the human bronchial smooth muscle was obtained both by light microscopical demonstration of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers and by localization of VIP like immunoreactivity in granules in nerve profiles. Nerve fibers containing VIP-immunoreactivity were found in the human bronchial glands by light microscopy. Substance P-immunoreactive nerves were found in the lower respiratory tract of the rabbit but not of man by light microscopy. Intraepithelial nerves were demonstrated in man from trachea to segmental bronchi and their concentration was established. The intraepithelial nerves seem to have two predominant locations: either close to the airway lumen or near the basement membrane. Nerves near the lumen were found only in larger airways e.g. trachea and lobar bronchi.
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PMID:Autonomic innervation of the human respiratory tract as revealed by histochemical and ultrastructural methods. 241 Feb 88

Degeneration of cholinergic neurons from the basal forebrain nuclei is suspected to be the cause of Alzheimer disease. We have developed dissociated cultures of cholinergic neurons from these nuclei (the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the medial septal nucleus, and the diagonal band nuclei). Brain slices of the forebrains were made by a vibratome, and the basal forebrain nuclei were dissected out, dissociated, and cultured. Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase cytochemistry revealed large cholinergic cells (average diameter, 20-25 micron) in these cultures. About 75% of large neurons (20 micron or larger in diameter) were cholinergic. Electrophysiological experiments were performed on these large neurons. The neurons usually did not show spontaneous firing, but steady depolarizations produced trains of action potentials, which adapted quickly. The neurons responded with depolarization to the application of L-glutamic acid. Substance P produced depolarization (sometimes hyperpolarization), and during the depolarization membrane resistance was increased.
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PMID:Dissociated cell culture of cholinergic neurons from nucleus basalis of Meynert and other basal forebrain nuclei. 241 32

Location, distribution and density of nerve fibers immunoreactive to neuropeptide tyrosine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P were studied in the reproductive tract of the female rat and compared with acetylcholinesterase-positive ("cholinergic") and noradrenergic nerves. Plexuses of all types of fibers were present in the vagina, uterine cervix, uterine horn and oviduct. In the tubular reproductive organs all of these types of nerve fibers appeared to innervate vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle and nearly all types of fibers formed plexuses subjacent to the epithelium lining the organs. Individual fibers of all classes appeared to innervate fascicles of smooth muscle in the mesometrium of the uterine horn. A few acetylcholinesterase-positive and substance P-immunoreactive fibers were present in the ovary but no vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves were observed. Noradrenergic and neuropeptide tyrosine-immunoreactive nerves were numerous in the ovary where they were seen in the interstitial gland tissue and associated with follicles and blood vessels. It is suggested that these nerves may influence hemodynamic events and non-vascular smooth muscle in such functions as transport of sperm and ova and parturition. Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers are likely to be sensory fibers that could have roles in neurohormonal reflexes.
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PMID:Comparative distribution of neuropeptide tyrosine-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-immunoreactive, acetylcholinesterase-positive and noradrenergic nerves in the reproductive tract of the female rat. 241 49

Light and electron microscopic peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry has been used to localize choline acetyltransferase, substance P and enkephalin in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity was observed in motoneurone cell bodies and proximal dendrites, in large varicosities in the surrounding neuropil and in nerve terminals in synaptic contact with immunostained motoneurones. Most choline acetyltransferase immunostained terminals which made synaptic contact with motoneurone cell bodies and proximal dendrites possessed prominent subsynaptic cisterns and belong to the terminal type referred to in the literature as C or L. Substance P and enkephalin immunoreactivity did not occur in motoneurones but was seen in fibres and synaptic terminals. Substance P immunoreactive fibres made multiple axosomatic contacts while enkephalin immunoreactive terminals made synaptic contact mainly with large and small dendrites. C terminals were not stained for either substance P or enkephalin. This study provides immunocytochemical support for the classic identification of hypoglossal motoneurones as cholinergic and in addition shows that these neurones are innervated by a number of morphologically and chemically distinct terminal types. C terminals have previously been shown to contain cholinesterase and our demonstration that these terminals contain choline acetyltransferase thus provides additional evidence for their cholinergic nature and for a cholinergic innervation of hypoglossal motoneurones. The origin of the immunoreactive terminals was not identified in this study but possible candidates include the raphe nuclei for substance P. and propriobulbar interneurones for choline acetyltransferase.
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PMID:Inputs to motoneurones in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase, substance P and enkephalins using monoclonal antibodies. 242 Nov 99

The organization of afferent and efferent connections of the interpeduncular nucleus (IP) has been examined in correlation with its subnuclear parcellation by using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. Based on Nissl, myelin, and acetylcholinesterase staining five paired and three unpaired IP subnuclei are distinguished. The unpaired division includes the rostral subnucleus (IP-R), the apical subnucleus (IP-A), and the central subnucleus (IP-C). The subnuclei represented bilaterally are the paramedian dorsal medial (IP-DM) and intermediate subnuclei (IP-I) and the laterally placed rostral lateral (IP-RL), dorsal lateral (IP-DL), and lateral subnuclei (IP-L). Immunohistochemical techniques showed cell bodies and fibers and terminals immunoreactive for substance P, leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, or serotonin to be differentially distributed over the different IP subnuclei. Substance P-positive perikarya were found in IP-R, enkephalin neurons in IP-R, IP-A, and the caudodorsal part of IP-C, and serotonin-containing cell bodies in IP-A and the caudal part of IP-L. Efferent IP projections were studied both by injecting tritiated leucine in IP and by injecting HRP or WGA-HRP in the presumed termination areas. The results indicate that the major outflow of IP is directed caudal-ward to the median and dorsal raphe nuclei and the caudal part of the central gray substance, i.e., the dorsal tegmental region. The projection appears to terminate mainly in the raphe nuclei, around the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei of Gudden, and in the dorsolateral tegmental nucleus. The descending projection to the dorsal tegmental region originates in virtually all IP subnuclei, but the main contribution comes from IP-R and the lateral subnuclei IP-RL, IP-DL, and IP-L. Sparser projections to the dorsal tegmental region originate in IP-C and IP-I, whereas the contribution of IP-A is only minimal. The projections from IP-R are mainly ipsilateral and those from IP-DM are mainly contralateral. IP fibers to the median and dorsal raphe nuclei originate predominantly in IP-R and IP-DM, and to a lesser extent in IP-C, IP-I, IP-RL, and IP-DL. A much smaller contingent of IP fibers ascends to diencephalic and telencephalic regions. A relatively minor projection, stemming from IP-RL and IP-DL, reaches the lateral part of the mediodorsal nucleus, the nucleus gelatinosus, and some midline thalamic nuclei. These IP fibers follow either the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway or the mammillothalamic tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Cytoarchitecture, fiber connections, and some histochemical aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus in the rat. 242 12


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