Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Genotoxicity of eight topically applied compounds was determined using the bone marrow micronucleus (MN) test and hair follicle nuclear aberration (NA) assay in CD1 mice. Twenty-four hours after a single treatment, cyclophosphamide (CY), applied at doses corresponding to 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32 of the published dermal LD50, and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), applied at 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 of the published dermal LD50, were found to increase the incidence of NA in a dose-dependent manner. The frequency of MN was significantly increased only at the highest dose of CY. Using the same protocol, six pesticides applied in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at doses of 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32 of the dermal LD50 were investigated. Aminocarb and chlordane induced a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of NA, while there was an observed increase in NA incidence at only the highest doses of dichlorvos (DDVP), 4,4'-DDT (DDT), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). No effect was observed with fenitrothion on nuclear aberrations in hair follicles. Except for the highest dose of chlordane, none of the pesticides tested positive in the bone marrow micronucleus test. Serum cholinesterase levels were reduced to 70 +/- 4.7% of the DMSO control level with DDVP, 57 +/- 8.2% with aminocarb, and 60.3 +/- 4.8% with fenitrothion, indicating some systemic activity with these topically applied agents. The data suggest that aminocarb, chlordane, DDVP, DDT, and 2,4-D are genotoxic as determined by the NA assay and that this assay may be more useful in detecting topically applied genotoxic agents than the more often used bone marrow micronucleus test.
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PMID:Comparison of the activity of topically applied pesticides and the herbicide 2,4-D in two short-term in vivo assays of genotoxicity in the mouse. 208 12

The subchronic toxicity of a new formulation of Matacil (aminocarb) was assessed by exposing male and female Sprague-Dawley rats via a nose-only technique to a respirable (2.0- to 4.1-microns diameter) aerosol at chamber concentrations of 22.5, 45, and 90 micrograms of insecticide/liter of air for 2 hr/day for 30 consecutive days. Control groups were exposed to a vehicle aerosol or to room air. Randomly selected rats of each group were bled after 8, 15, and 30 days of treatment, and after a 30-day recovery period. Routine clinical laboratory investigations (hematology, blood chemistry, and urinalysis) were conducted during treatment. Other parameters measured included body weight, feed intake, plasma, red blood cell count, brain cholinesterase activity, and hepatic and renal carboxylesterase activities. Organ weights were recorded at necropsy and routine histopathological evaluation was performed. Mild muscle tremors were observed occasionally in the intermediate- and high-dose groups. Treated females, but not males, demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of cholinesterase activity, though within treatment groups, there were no differences associated with the number of days of treatment. Enzyme values had returned to baseline levels by 30 days post-treatment. Hepatic carboxylesterase activity was significantly reduced only in male rats at the highest dose. Lung weights were increased in vehicle and Matacil-treated groups. Histological studies indicated that these changes were a nonspecific tissue response to a heavy burden of an oil-based irritant, which was partially resolved by 30 days post-treatment. The results showed that, at the concentrations tested, the formulation produced little or no acute symptoms and minimal long-term sequellae.
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PMID:A subchronic inhalation toxicity study of a Matacil formulation in the albino rat. 394 47

Aminocarb is a widely applied carbamate insecticide with action of controlling pests such as Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. In this study, subchronic effects on Wistar rats were investigated using hematological, biochemical, and histological techniques. Rats were exposed orally at sublethal levels of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg body weight (groups A, B, and C, respectively) for 14 d. Hematological results revealed no statistical differences after 1 d of exposure but significant reduction in white blood cells detected after 7 d of exposure in group C, as well as, in all treated groups after 14 d of exposure. Biochemical data showed a decrease of acetylcholinesterase activity in all groups after 1 d of exposure with a return to normal after 7 and 14 d. Significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of rats exposed to aminocarb was noted after 7 d of treatment. The levels of triglycerides were also significantly decreased. The present investigation also showed a significant increase in content of serum urea and creatinine in animals from group A (14 d), and from groups B and C (7 and 14 d). Histological results demonstrated hemorrhagic focus on hepatic and renal parenchyma in all exposed groups. Taken together, the attained results were dose dependent and indicated adverse effects of aminocarb on hepatic and renal functions, as well as on immune responsiveness at sublethal tested doses.
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PMID:Characterization of the toxicological effects of aminocarb on rats: hematological, biochemical, and histological analyses. 2507 17