Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcitonin is a hormone peptide produced by the thyroid gland, whose best described role is to prevent bone reabsorption. It also participates in other biological functions, even at central nervous system level. We studied the effect of added calcitonin on ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities in synaptosomal membranes isolated from rat cerebral cortex. Calcitonin at 10(-7) - 10(-5)M concentration decreased 20-40% Na+, K(+)-ATPase and 15-25% K(+)-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activities, and at 10(-6)-10(-5)M reduced 20-30% Mg(2+)-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity. However, this peptide failed to modify Mg(2+) - and Ca(2+)-ATPase or acetylcholinesterase activities. Results suggest that the sodium pump may be a target for calcitonin effects at neuronal level. Thus, calcitonin inhibition of sodium/potassium transport through synaptic membranes supports a regulatory role of this peptide on neurotransmission.
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PMID:A study of calcitonin effect on synaptosomal membrane enzymes. 921 Jan 82

To investigate the mutual dependence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and acetylcholine release, we examined the effect of a cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine on the release of CGRP-like immunoreactivity in rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm muscle preparation, and conversely, the effect of CGRP on [3H]acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals loaded with [3H]choline in the same preparations of mice. Release of CGRP-like immunoreactivity was increased by electrical nerve stimulation (train of 40 pulses of 200 micros pulse duration and frequency of 50 Hz applied every 10 s) in the whole preparation but not in the segmental preparation containing the endplate region. Neostigmine (0.1-0.3 microM) enhanced the resting release of CGRP-like immunoreactivity in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas it depressed the nerve-evoked release of CGRP-like immunoreactivity. CGRP (1 microM) added to perfusate decreased nerve-evoked [3H]acetylcholine release. These results suggest that CGRP, which is released by electrical nerve stimulation or a cholinesterase inhibitor in intact skeletal muscles, negatively modulates nerve-evoked acetylcholine release.
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PMID:Mutual dependence of calcitonin-gene related peptide and acetylcholine release in neuromuscular preparations. 925 44

Subcutaneous administration of amylin (20-40 micrograms/kg) prevented, in a dose-dependent manner, reserpine- and serotonin-induced gastric damage, but the anti-ulcer effect was not present when lesions were induced by pylorus ligation. The protective effect of amylin was inhibited by pretreatment with capsicin as well as CGRP-(8-37), a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and amylin receptor antagonist, and was significantly reduced by domperidone, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, or neostigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Our data suggest that the gastroprotective activity of amylin in some experimental models of gastric ulcers involves capsaicin-sensitive fibers and CGRP receptors. Moreover, the peptide interferes, at least in part, with the dopaminergic and parasympathetic systems.
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PMID:Effect of amylin in various experimental models of gastric ulcer. 928 23

Enzyme histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the types of nerves supplying the ampullary gland, coagulating gland, dorsolateral prostate, ventral prostate and seminal vesicle of the male golden hamster. Quantitative change of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-stained (AChE-stained) nerves with age was also determined. Using an antibody against protein gene product 9.5, nerves were seen to distribute in subepithelial connective tissues, smooth muscles and adventitial connective tissues. Presumptive catecholaminergic nerves immunoreactive for DbetaH and tyrosine hydroxylase were found mainly in periacinar smooth muscles, while AChE-stained nerves predominantly ramified subepithelial connective tissues. In addition, nerves immunoreactive to NPY, calcitonin gene-related peptide, leu-enkephalin, galanin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were also detected. Quantitative estimation at 10, 52 and 78 weeks of age showed that densities of DbetaH and NPY nerves were halved by 52 weeks of age. This level was maintained in older animals. The density of AChE-stained nerves in all glands did not change with age. The ampullary gland appeared to have more AChE-stained nerves. These results were discussed from a comparative viewpoint and with regard to possible implications of aging of peripheral nerves on functioning of the male accessory sex glands.
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PMID:Innervation of accessory sex glands in the adult male golden hamster and quantitative changes of nerve densities with age. 943 Apr 39

Cross-sections of the vas deferens taken from control adult male rats showed positive histochemical reactivity to acetylcholinesterase and immunoreactivity for antibodies to protein gene product 9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, nitric oxide synthase and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Immunoreactivity to substance P was very sparse. Histochemical reactivity to acetylcholinesterase and immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was concentrated in the subepithelial lamina propria and inner smooth muscle layers. Complete surgical denervation resulting from transection of the nerve arising from the pelvic ganglion which supplies the vas deferens totally abolished the immunoreactivity to all of the antibodies tested as well as the histochemical reactivity to acetylcholinesterase. In sections of the prostatic end of the vas deferens taken from rats neonatally pretreated with capsaicin, immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P was reduced by 75 and 83%, respectively. Immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was similar in tissue sections taken from capsaicin-treated rats and those taken from control tissues. Pretreatment of rats with guanethidine or 6-hydroxydopamine decreased immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y by 60-70%, but immunoreactivity to substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was unchanged, while immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide and acetylcholinesterase staining was increased by guanethidine but not by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Triple labelling experiments showed nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholinesterase all to be co-localized in some nerve fibres. These results indicate that the nitric oxide synthase contained in the nerve fibres innervating the rat vas deferens is unaffected by pretreatment of rats with capsaicin, 6-hydroxydopamine or guanethidine but is abolished by surgical denervation, of postganglionic parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory nerves. Therefore it appears that nitric oxide synthase is co-localized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves which innervate the rat vas deferens.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase is co-localized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in postganglionic parasympathetic nerves innervating the rat vas deferens. 946 Jul 67

The distribution, number and nature of intrapharyngeal ganglia and their neurons in cats were examined by means of serial sections, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Six to eight large ganglia around the palatine tonsils and five to eight small ganglia in the laterodorsal wall of pharyngeal mucous membrane were observed. The intrapharyngeal ganglionic neuron (25-30 microns in diameter) totalled 600-800 and more than 80% of them were located around the palatine tonsils. The ganglionic neurons were acetylcholinesterase reaction positive. On immunohistochemistry, many choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons and a few tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve cells were found, but no calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive or substance P-immunoreactive neurons were recognized in the ganglion. The present findings indicate that intrapharyngeal ganglionic neurons are mainly parasympathetic and partially sympathetic in nature.
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PMID:Morphological study of the intrapharyngeal ganglia and ganglionic neurons in cats. 950 77

Atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction time is known to be modulated by the autonomic nervous system. The presence of numerous parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibres in association with conduction tissue in the heart is well authenticated. In this study, confocal microscopy was used to image the distribution of antibodies directed against the general neuronal marker PGP 9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and beta1 and beta2-adrenoreceptors. Serial 12 microm sections of fresh frozen tissue taken from the frontal plane of the rat atrioventricular node, His bundle and bundle branches were processed for histology, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and immunohistochemistry. It was found that the AV and ventricular conduction systems were more densely innervated than the atrial and ventricular myocardium as revealed by PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity. Furthermore, the transitional cell region was more densely innervated than the midnodal cell region, while spatial distribution of total innervation was uniform throughout all AV nodal regions. AChE-reactive nerve processes were found throughout the AV and ventricular conduction systems, the spatial distribution of which was nonuniform exhibiting a paucity of AChE-reactive nerve processes in the central midnodal cell region and a preponderance in the circumferential transitional cell region. TH-immunoreactivity was uniformly distributed throughout the AV and ventricular conduction systems including the central midnodal and circumferential transitional cell regions. Beta1-adrenoreceptors were found throughout the AV and ventricular conduction systems with a preponderance in the circumferential transitional cell region. Beta2-adrenoreceptors were localised predominantly in AV and ventricular conduction systems with a paucity of expression in the circumferential transitional cell region. These results demonstrate that the overall uniform distribution of total nerve processes is comprised of nonuniformly distributed subpopulations of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve processes. The observation that the midnodal cell region exhibits a differential spatial pattern of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation suggests multiple sites for modulation of impulse conduction within this region. Moreover, the localisation of beta2-ARs in the AV conduction system, with an absence of expression in the circumferential transitional cell layer, suggests that subtype-specific pharmacological agents may have distinct effects upon AV nodal conduction.
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PMID:Spatial distribution of nerve processes and beta-adrenoreceptors in the rat atrioventricular node. 972 79

The majority of nerve fibers in the middle meningeal artery and branching arterioles are sympathetic, storing norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y (NPY). A sparse supply of fibers contain acetylcholinesterase activity and immunoreactivity toward vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptidine histidine methionine (PHM), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Only few substance P and neuropeptide K immunoreactive fibers are noted. Electronmicroscopy shows axons and terminals at the adventitial medial border of the human middle meningeal artery, with a fairly large distance to the smooth muscle cells (>500 nM). Several axon profiles contain vesicles of different types, including putative sensory profiles. The perivascularly stored signal substances, norepinephrine and NPY induced vasoconstrictor. Relaxations were induced by acetylcholine and substance P, and these were significantly reduced in arteries without endothelium, while the responses to norepinephrine, NPY, VIP, PHM, and CGRP were not changed by endothelium removal. Blockade experiments showed that the vasomotor responses to norepinephrine were blocked by prazosin, to NPY by BIBP 3226, acetylcholine by atropin, substance P by RP 67580, and the human alpha-CGRP response by human alpha-CGRP(8-37).
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PMID:Innervation of the human middle meningeal artery: immunohistochemistry, ultrastructure, and role of endothelium for vasomotility. 978 71

Stimulation of extrinsic nerves markedly alters pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion, yet little is known of the neurochemical organization and physiologic roles of specific neural pathways within the pancreas. Here we report histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and several neuropeptides to identify the neurotransmitter content of rabbit pancreatic nerves. An extensive network of AChE-positive nerve fibers was found throughout the islets, acini, ducts, ganglia, and blood vessels. All pancreatic neurons were AChE positive, two thirds were NADPH-d positive, and many were NOS positive. Ganglia in the head/neck region were connected to the duodenal myenteric plexus by AChE- and NADPH-d-positive fibers, and NADPH-d-positive pancreatic neurons appeared to send processes toward both the duodenum and pancreas. Many pancreatic neurons were vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) positive, and VIP nerve terminals were abundant in ganglia, acini, islets, and ducts. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP-38)-positive fibers also were observed within acini and passing through ganglia. Substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-positive fibers were abundant along blood vessels and ducts, and varicose fibers were observed in pancreatic ganglia. Fine galanin-positive fibers were also occasionally observed running with blood vessels and through ganglia. Thus the rabbit pancreas receives a dense, diverse innervation by cholinergic, adrenergic, and peptidergic nerves and cholinergic pancreatic neurons, most also containing VIP or NOS or both, appear to innervate both endocrine and exocrine tissue, and may mediate local communication between the duodenum and pancreas.
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PMID:Morphology and histochemistry of the rabbit pancreatic innervation. 988 61

Nerve-derived trophic factors are known to modulate expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in skeletal muscle fibers, yet the precise identity of these factors remains elusive. In the present study, we treated mouse C2 myotubes with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Compared to non-treated myotubes, cell-associated AChE activity levels were decreased by approximately 60% after 48 h of treatment. A parallel reduction in AChE total protein levels was also observed as determined by Western blot analysis. The reduction in AChE activity was due to a decrease in the levels of the G1 molecular form and to an elimination of G1. By contrast, levels of secreted AChE remained unchanged following CGRP treatment. Finally, the overall decrease in AChE activity was accompanied by a reduction in AChE transcripts which could not be attributed to changes in the transcriptional rate of the ACHE gene.
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide decreases expression of acetylcholinesterase in mammalian myotubes. 1003 41


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