Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The progeny of single teratocarcinoma cells will give rise to several different cell types in vitro, and the latter were shown to be functionally differentiated by biochemical criteria. In all these studies, cloned lines of mouse teratocarcinoma cells were assayed during the course of differentiation for some biochemical products characteristic of the tissues formed. The carcinoembryonic protein, alpha-foetoprotein, was not synthesized by undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, but was synthesized in increasing amounts during their differentiation to endoderm-type cells in suspension culture. alpha-Foetoprotein was shown to be a product of endoderm cells, but not all endoderm cells synthesized this protein. During the course of further differentiation when EC cells or aggregates were grown in tissue-culture dishes, other biochemical products appeared. In cultures containing predominantly nerve-type cells, there was a 30-fold increase in the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase, with concomitant appearance of the aldolase isoenzyme characteristic of mouse brain. In some cultures, a small amount of muscle-type cell formation was marked by the appearance of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. Generally, biochemical differentiation was immature.
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PMID:Biochemical markers of the progress of differentiation in cloned teratocarcinoma cell lines. 7 66

Enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxalacetate and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, cholinesterase, alkaline, acid and prostatic phosphatase and aldolase has been studied in a total of 213 subjects, of whom 97 were of good health, 63 had bone tumors and 53 suffered from osteomyelitis. The activities of the majority of the enzymes were found to become significantly changed in comparison with the norm. In both patient groups, the more striking differences being noted in that of osteomyelitis. However, enzymatic activity alone does not allow to differentiate the group of bone tumors from that of osteomyelitis, the differences between these two groups not being of significance in any one of the enzymes followed.
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PMID:Serum enzyme activity in bone tumors and osteomyelitis (LDH, GOT, GPT, CPK, CHE, ALP, AP, PP, ALD). 19 May 48

A system has been developed for the detailed analysis of the transition from proliferative myoblast to differentiated muscle cell. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) prevents the terminal differentiation of L8 myoblasts in vitro, and its effect is reversible. DMSO (2%) inhibits the fusion of myoblasts to form multinucleate myotubes, the normal increases in activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and acetylcholinesterase, and the synthesis of alpha-actin and acetylcholine receptor protein. Upon removal of DMSO from the medium, a lag precedes the onset of differentiation. The potential to inhibit muscle differentiation reversibly is not specific to DMSO, but is shared by a number of compounds, including dimethylformamide, hexamethylbisacetamide and butyric acid, all potent inducers of gene expression in Friend erythroleukemia cells. L8 cells routinely cease DNA synthesis and initiate fusion and muscle protein synthesis once they are confluent. In the presence of DMSO, however, nearly all cells continue DNA synthesis, even several days after reaching confluence. Protein synthetic patterns of DMSO-inhibited cells are almost indistinguishable from those of untreated myoblasts and distinct from differentiated myotubes. It appears that cells exposed to DMSO are locked indefinitely in a proliferative myoblast stage of development and are unable to enter the Go phase of the cell cycle necessary for initiation of differentiation. DMSO coordinately inhibits all the differentiative parameters measured. In contrast, cytochalasin B uncouples normally linked differentiative events so that fusion is inhibited while muscle-specific protein synthesis proceeds. DMSO has similar effects on both cytochalasin B-treated and fusing control cultures, suggesting that its primary effect is exerted not at the level of fusion but earlier in the differentiative time-table. Once fusion and the synthesis of muscle-specific proteins are well under way, the addition of DMSO is ineffective and differentiation continues in its presence. The potential to manipulate muscle gene expression in vitro makes this system particularly useful for the detailed analysis of the processes involved in the transition to the differentiated state and for determining the linkage of developmental events.
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PMID:Manipulation of myogenesis in vitro: reversible inhibition by DMSO. 45 62

Cultured pectoral muscle from 11-day-old chick embryos was treated for 48 h with phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in concentrations ranging from 15 to 270 microgram/ml on days 7-9 in vitro. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, EC 2.7.3.2), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) activities, [3H]leucine incorporation into protein, and total protein of the cultures decreased in a dose-related manner with DPH concentrations of 30 microgram/ml and greater. Total AChE activity and AChE activity released into the medium were specifically decreased with 15 microgram DPH per millilitre. In cultures treated chronically with 15 microgram DPH per millilitre on days 5-13 in vitro, total AChE activity and AChE activity released into the medium were 66.0 +/- 13.2 and 64.7 +/- 11.8% of untreated controls, respectively, but cellular AChE activity, cell protein, and [3H]leucine incorporation into protein were unaffected. The results indicate that DPH specifically decreases the total net synthesis of AChE activity by a direct action on cultured chick embryo muscle.
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PMID:Effects of phenytoin on acetylcholinesterase activity and cell protein in cultured chick embryonic skeletal muscle. 56 45

Activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum and variants of red cell acetylcholinesterase were determined in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in other forms of Dystrophy and in family members of Duchenne patients and healthy controls. Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB was observed only in all cases of DMD as well as variants of red cell acetylcholinesterase characterized by so-called inhibitor numbers. Carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be distinguished from Duchenne patients and healthy controls by estimation of Acetylcholinesterase variants.
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PMID:Activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum and red cell acetylcholinesterase variants in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 84 81

The method for the determination of enzymic activity in turbid, lipaemic sera, which involves clearing by polyanion precipitation with heparin and magnesium chloride, was critically reviewed. In the diagnosis of diseases of the liver and pancreas, which are frequently associated with hyperlipoproteinaemia, only residual enzyme activities are measured in the cleared serum after polyanion treatment. In the measurement of glutamate dehydrogenase and in the Phadebas test for alpha-amylase, the enzymes are inactivated by treatment with heparin and magnesium chloride. On the other hand, as a result of polyanion precipitation gamma-glutamyl transferase is transferred, together with lipoproteins and chylomicrons, to the lipid-rich supernatant. Acid phosphatase also exhibits only residual activity in cleared serum. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, cholinesterase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and the activity of alpha-amylase in the Merckotest are not affected by polyanion treatment of the serum.
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PMID:[Enzyme diagnosis in lipaemic sera before and after polyanion precipitation with heparin and magnesium chloride (author's transl)]. 92 35

The activity of the following enzymes in clinically normal newborn calves was investigated: glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (APh), creatine phosphokinase (CPhK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP), aldolase (A), and cholinesterase (ChE). The studies were carried out at the first hour prior to offering colostrum as well as at the 6th, 12th, 24th hr and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 10th, 15th, and 20th day following it first intake. Regularly rising values of the enzyme activity up to the 24th hour were observed with APh, GOT, GPT, CPhK, and LAP. The aldolase enzyme (after colostrum had been given for the first time) in all animals showed a statistically significant drop of activity at the 6th hour. The activity of LDH displayed a consistently rising trend up to the end of the experimental period. The cholinesterase activity showed high values immediately following birth, reaching those found in the dams by the end of the observation period.
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PMID:[Dynamics of some serum enzymes in the postnatal development of calves]. 94 95

Evidence that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is released from normal chick embryonic muscle fibers and from muscles of chickens with inherited muscular dystrophy suggested that denervated chick muscles, which have AChE properties similar to dystrophic muscles, would also release AChE. Bilateral denervation of the breast and wing muscles of normal chickens was followed by the appearance of AChE activity, distinguished from plasma cholinesterase by differential substrate hydrolysis, inhibitor sensitivity, and electrophoretic migration. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity was also elevated after denervation.
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PMID:Appearance of acetylcholinesterase and creatine kinase in plasma of normal chickens after denervation. 117 88

Reference serum biochemical values were determined in blood samples from 15 male, 18 female, and 4 unsexed emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) 1 to 48 months old. Serum biochemical values also were obtained for 19 male, 26 female, and 4 unsexed ostriches (Struthio camelus) 1 to 60 months old. Parametric (mean +/- 2 SD) and non-parametric (fifth to 95th percentile) reference ranges and linear trends as influenced by age were determined for enzyme activities and concentrations of glucose, inorganic phosphate, BUN, uric acid, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, and albumin. Species differences for all analytes, except cholesterol and inorganic phosphate concentrations, were detected. Creatine kinase values in ostriches were higher than those in emus. There were no linear relationships between age and analyte values in emus, and sex did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect the values in emus. Analyte values in ostriches tended to increase with age, but cholesterol, creatine kinase, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations decreased with age. Glucose, triglyceride, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and cholinesterase concentrations in ostriches were not linearly associated with age. Age had a greater effect on the analyte values of female ostriches than it did on male ostriches. Concentrations generally increased with age in female ostriches, except for cholesterol, cholinesterase, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, which decreased with age.
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PMID:Reference serum biochemical values for emus and ostriches. 145 16

Total serum protein, serum albumin, total urine protein excretion, and the serum activity of several enzymes--aldolase (ALS), cholinesterase (CHS), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)--were estimated in rats with nephrotic syndrome (NS) at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 30 days after a single injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). It was found that: (a) total serum protein and serum albumin diminished on day 4 and returned to control values on days 20 and 30, respectively; (b) total urine protein excretion rose on day 4, reached a peak value on day 8, and then fell substantially but still remained higher than control values on day 30; (c) ALS and CHS activities increased; (d) LAP, ICD, and AST activities showed a biphasic pattern, first increasing and then decreasing; (e) ALT, LDH, HBD, CK, and ALP activities decreased; and (f) GGT activity remained unchanged. The differences in the profiles of the enzyme activities suggest their independent regulation in experimental NS induced by PAN.
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PMID:Activity of serum enzymes in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome. 146 3


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