Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of 18 red blood cell (RBC) enzymes and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were measured in 70 normal subjects, in 50 heterozygous beta-thalassaemia carriers and in 50 non-thalassaemic patients with haemolytic anaemia and high reticulocyte counts. In addition, pyrimidine 5'nucleotidase (P5N) activity was also determined in 34 patients with hypochromic, microcytic, iron deficiency anaemia. beta-Thalassaemia trait was associated with an increase in almost all of the enzyme activities, except for 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthetase (BPGS) and glutathione reductase (GR) which were normal and for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and P5N which were slightly and markedly decreased respectively. The increases in enzyme activities were similar to those observed in patients with non-thalassaemic reticulocytosis except for glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD), phosphoglyceratekinase (PGK), pyruvate kinase (PK), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and adenylate kinase (AK) which were higher than in non-thalassaemic group of patients with increased number of reticulocytes. No correlation was found between the severity of P5N deficiency and the intensity of basophilic stippling which was present in 46 of 50 thalassaemic carriers here studied. In addition, GSH content and UV absorption spectra of deproteinized thalassaemic RBC extracts were also found to be normal. The present findings provide further information on the metabolic status of RBC in beta-thalassaemia trait and suggest a possible molecular explanation for the frequently observed basophilic stippling in this disease.
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PMID:Pyrimidine 5'nucleotidase and several other red cell enzyme activities in beta-thalassaemia trait. 632 Aug 62

The review outlines a theory concerning the neurochemical basis of interindividual differences in human intelligence. From the work of Lehrl and Frank it can be concluded that Spearman's general factor of intelligence is a phenomenon of short-term memory capacity, i.e. a phenomenon of reversible short-term changes in synaptic membrane permeability. The empirical correlations between glutathione peroxidase activity, a genetically polymorphous enzyme, and IQ, and between the relative lipofuscin content of the brain and the ontogenetic development of fluid intelligence, have the background that peroxidation of phospholipids and its cleavage products are the regulating factors of membrane permeability. Furthermore, the glutathione status plays via lipid peroxidation, activating adenylate cyclase and inhibiting the sodium pump and acetylcholinesterase, an essential role in the regulation of energy supply and reducing power of cortical cells. In inbred strains of mice inherited learning speed, serum peroxide levels, and the parameters of the acetylcholine system are closely correlated.
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PMID:Psychometric intelligence correlates with interindividual different rates of lipid peroxidation. 648 91

We have investigated the effect of lead exposure on lipid peroxidation, a deteriorative process of the membranes, in the different regions of the brain. Lead treatment (50 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrically) for a period of eight weeks to rats resulted in a significant accumulation of lead in all the regions of brain, at maximum in hippocampus. The lipid peroxidation was accentuated following lead exposure and there was a linear correlation between the increase in lipid peroxidation and increase in lead levels (r = 0.75). The antioxidant capacity of the neuronal cells in terms of the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase was diminished. Lead treatment also altered the glutathione status i.e. levels of reduced glutathione were lowered, accompanied with the accumulation of oxidized glutathione. Furthermore, the activity of glutathione reductase was significantly lowered in lead-treated animals. The activity of membrane bound enzyme acetylcholinesterase was significantly inhibited following lead exposure and there was a linear correlation between the increase in lipid peroxidation and decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity (r = -0.83). It appears from the results that lead may exert its neurotoxic effects via peroxidative damage to the membranes.
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PMID:Lipoperoxidative damage on lead exposure in rat brain and its implications on membrane bound enzymes. 819 Jul 4

The effect of a Hungarian made and applied insecticide, organophosphate (Dichlorvos) on antioxidant enzymes and other oxidative and redox parameters of two different fish species, carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) was studied. The two fish species have different ways of life. From antioxidant enzymes, changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and, in the case of carp, acetylcholinesterase activities were studied in tissue homogenates. Other parameters studied: changes of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathion and two radicals, which are superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Our results showed that the organophosphate tested, besides its inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase-or together with it-induces changes characteristic of "oxidative stress".
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PMID:Effects of an organophosphate on the antioxidant systems of fish tissues. 871 62

The effect of the organophosphate insecticide Dichlorvos on antioxidant enzymes and other oxidative and redox parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) were studied. Changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and in the case of carp acetylcholinesterase activities were studied in tissue homogenates. Other parameters studied: changes of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and the amounts of two radicals, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are compared. Our results showed that the organophosphate tested, besides its inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase--or together with it--induces changes characteristic of "oxidative stress."
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PMID:Organophosphate effects on antioxidant system of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus). 920 89

To evaluate the susceptibilities of human blood constituents to the low levels of ozone used in ozonated autohemotherapy (40 microgO3/ml), we quantified plasma antioxidants and erythrocyte constituents after rapid mixing of human whole blood with ozone at 20, 40, 60, and 100 microg/ml blood. Ascorbic acid, uric acid, and alpha-tocopherol in plasma decreased as ozone increased, but bilirubin was unaffected. The content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in plasma was increased by ozone. However, the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and alpha-tocopherol in the erythrocyte membrane was not significantly affected. No significant changes occurred in the content of methemoglobin, cytoskeleton proteins or erythrocyte enzymes such as Na+/K+-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase at all the ozone levels tested. A decrease in reduced glutathione in erythrocytes was the only significant change caused by the ozone level used for autohemotherapy. It may be one of the chemical events responsible for the beneficial effects of ozonated autohemotherapy.
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PMID:Susceptibilities of plasma antioxidants and erythrocyte constituents to low levels of ozone. 1006 48

To investigate the features of erythrocyte metabolism in extremely immature infants, we assayed 21 enzyme activities and glutathione level in cord erythrocytes from 28 extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBWI; defined as birth weight <1,000 g). The results were compared with those from normal adults and non-neonatal reticulocyte-rich controls. Statistical analysis revealed that activities of six enzymes (glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione reductase) were significantly higher, and those of eight other enzymes (phosphofructokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione peroxidase, adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, acetylcholinesterase, NADH methemoglobin reductase, and catalase) were lower in ELBWI taking their marked reticulocytosis into consideration. The 6PGD/G6PD ratio, which is consistently unchanged under various physiological and pathological conditions, was markedly reduced in ELBWI. Our results support the previous reports that neonatal erythrocytes have a unique metabolic pattern which is different from that of adult erythrocytes, and also suggest that the 6PGD/G6PD ratio might be an index for the developmental immaturity of fetal erythrocytes. This is the first report describing the pattern of erythrocyte enzyme activities in ELBWI.
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PMID:Erythrocyte enzyme activities in cord blood of extremely low-birth-weight infants. 1050 2

The effects of Huperzine A (HupA), a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced cell lesion, level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated in rat pheochromocytoma line PC12. Following a 6-h exposure of the cells to H2O2 (200 microM), a marked reduction in cell survival and activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, as well as increased production of malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed. Pretreatment of the cells with HupA (0.1-10.0 microM) prior to H2O2 exposure significantly elevated the cell survival and antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased the level of MDA. Our results indicated that in addition to its anticholinesterase effects, HupA had protective effects against free radical-induced cell toxicity, which might be beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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PMID:Huperzine A protects rat pheochromocytoma cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. 1056 2

Preliminary findings of a study on the role of oxidative stress in the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF) indicates that in vitro exposure to 1-100 microM CPF or 1-100 nM CPF-oxon had no effect on the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) in brain homogenates from postnatal day (PN) 21 rats, or on the activity of purified GSHpx. A single high-dose acute injection of 45 mg/kg CPF to PN19 rats also did not significantly alter GSHpx activity at PN21, in spite of extensive (72%) brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. However, catalase activity was significantly reduced by 28%. PN21 pups exposed maternally to a lower effective dose of CPF throughout development (dams injected with 50 mg/kg every 3 days) also had normal GSHpx activity, but a 30% increase in H2O2-independent NADPH consumption. Brain catalase activity in these rats was significantly increased by 24%. These preliminary data suggest that specific GSHpx activity is not altered by in vitro or in vivo exposures to CPF-oxon or CPF, but catalase and an unknown H2O2-independent NADPH-consuming factor were affected differentially depending on the type and timing of exposure.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo effects of chlorpyrifos on glutathione peroxidase and catalase in developing rat brain. 1079 93

The authors monitored, for a period of 12 months, anemia-, nutrition-, and free radical-related parameters and the rHuEPO dose required to maintain target hemoglobin (Hb) in 20 patients with chronic renal failure. Ten patients each were randomized for treatment by either acetate-free biofiltration (AFB) or low-flux hemodialysis (HD). At baseline, Hb levels were 102+/-2 (AFB) vs. 98+/-2 g/L (HD) (not significant difference, NS), the rHuEPO dose was 4050+/-976 vs. 5100+/-1538 lU/week (NS). Compared with baseline and with HD, lower rHuEPO doses were required during AFB at months 8, 9, 10 and 11, and 12 when they were 2100+/-510 (AFB) vs. 6000+/-1153 (HD), p=0.008. Prealbumin, transferrin and cholinesterase levels rose in the AFB group. Kt/V, albumin, transferrin saturation, aluminium, bicarbonate in serum, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes, and malondialdehyde and antioxidant capacity in plasma did not differ between the AFB and HD groups. In terms of anemia control, AFB using an AN69 membrane was found to be more advantageous than low-flux HD, AFB improves some nutritional parameters. The compared methods do not differ in their effect on lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant system.
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PMID:The effect of hemodialysis and acetate-free biofiltration on anemia. 1079 62


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