Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Treatment of rats with aurantine for 7-30 days reduces the growth and development of animals, and especially of skeletal muscles. Low relative weight of muscles in aurantine-treated animals was accompanied by low resting and action membrane potentials. Incorporation of labelled uridine and lysine into muscles, heart, brain and liver was decreased. Retardation in the growth and development of skeletal muscles resulted into unfavourable shift of the ratio body weight/surface and led to prevalence of catabolic processes over anabolic ones (increased oxygen consumption, heart and respiration rate in experimental animals). These changes are probably related not only to the inhibition of protein synthesis, but to disturbance of regulatory mechanisms, which reveals itself in an increased norepinephrine content of the brain stem and in the increased cholinesterase activity in cardiac pacemaker.
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PMID:[Retardation of growth and development of rats induced by inhibition of protein synthesis at early postnatal ontogenesis]. 5 9

Human serum beta-lipoproteins, isolated by percipitation with heparin-calcium mixture, showed cholinesterase activity. The enzyme activity was almost proportional to the lipoprotein concentration. Rats, treated with neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, showed a significant decrease in serum beta-lipoprotein and in the incorporation of H3-lysine into the lipoprotein compared to untreated controls. The decreased incorporation of H3-lysine into beta-lipoprotein was associated with increased labelling of alpha-lopoprotein. There was no significant difference in the labelling of pre-beta-lipoprotein. We propose that LDL is formed from VLDL in the presence of cholinesterase.
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PMID:Serum cholinesterase: function in lipoprotein metabolism. 19 12

The crystal structure of fasciculin 1, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from green mamba snake venom, has been solved by the multiple isomorphous replacement method complemented with anomalous scattering and subsequently refined at 1.9-A resolution. The overall structure of fasciculin is similar to those of the short alpha-neurotoxins and cardiotoxins, with a dense core rich in disulfide bridges and three long loops disposed as the central fingers of a hand. A comparison of these three prototypic toxin types shows that fasciculin 1 has structural features that are intermediate between those of the other two molecules. Its core region, which can be defined as a continuous stretch of conserved residues, is very similar to that of erabutoxin b, whereas the orientation of its long loops resembles that of cardiotoxin VII4. This result introduces a new element in the study of phylogenetic relationships of snake toxins and suggests that, after divergency from an ancestral gene, convergent evolution may have played an important factor in the evolution of these proteins. In fasciculin 1, several arginine and lysine residues are well ordered and relatively exposed to the solvent medium and may play a role in the binding to the peripheral site of acetylcholinesterases.
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PMID:1.9-A resolution structure of fasciculin 1, an anti-acetylcholinesterase toxin from green mamba snake venom. 142 64

A serum-free medium culture was developed in order to study the secretory behavior of neurons producing the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) precursor. The present results show that our culture conditions (supplemented RPMI 1640, poly-D-lysine substrate) are efficient in promoting attachment and growth of MCH neurons dissociated from rat fetal hypothalamus. These neurons acquire a differentiation stage in which neuropeptides of interest to us are expressed in a pattern similar to that observed on tissue sections: (1) coexpression of salmon MCH, growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF37), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and acetylcholinesterase immunoreactivities, and (2) different intracellular distribution of salmon MCH and 1-37 sequence of GRF37 staining. Neurite growth was rapid and interneuronal connections were observed early. These observations suggest that our model of defined medium culture is suitable for functional investigations on MCH neurons.
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PMID:Expression of peptides derived from the melanin-concentrating hormone precursor in serum-free culture of rat fetal hypothalamic neurons: role of attachment factors. 180 58

The substrate specificity of lipoamidase, purified from the pig brain membrane with lipoyl 4-aminobenzoate (LPAB) as a substrate, was extensively studied. This single polypeptide was found to hydrolyse the bonding between amide, ester and peptide compounds. However, stringent structural requirements were found in the substrates, e.g. LPAB was hydrolysed, whereas biotinyl 4-aminobenzoate was not, as stated in our previous paper [Oizmui & Hayakawa (1990) Biochem. J. 266, 427-434]. The enzyme specifically recognized the whole molecular structure of the substrate, whereas it loosely recognized the bond structure of the substrate; e.g. the dipeptide Asp-Phe was not hydrolysed, whereas the methyl ester of Asp-Phe (aspartame) was. The exopeptidase activity was demonstrated by lipoamidase; however, longer peptides than the hexamer seemed not to be substrates. Lipoyl esters, which were electrically neutral, exhibited higher specificity with longer acyl groups. Molecular mass and molecular hydrophobicity (hydropathy) seemed to determine the substrate specificity. Lipoyl-lysine, acetylcholine and oligopeptides were hydrolysed at similar Km values; however, acetylcholine was hydrolysed at a velocity 100 times higher. Although many similar specificities were found between electric eel acetylcholinesterase and lipoamidase, distinctly different specificity was demonstrated with lipoyl compounds. The role of lipoamidase, which resides on the brain membrane and possesses higher specificity for hydrophobic molecules, remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Lipoamidase is a multiple hydrolase. 222 21

The morphology and projections of neurons in the paraventricular organ (PVO) were studied by means of silver impregnation after intraocular application of cobaltous lysine in the lungfish Protopterus dolloi. Cobalt-labeled neurons were found exclusively in the PVO in the dorsal and infundibular hypothalamus. These bipolar neurons possess one CSF-contacting process that protrudes into the ventricular lumen with a club-shape ending and a thick, ramifying process directed into the hypothalamic neuropil; the ependymofugal processes form intra- and extrahypothalamic projections. Impregnated fibers from paraventricular neurons cross in infundibular and hypothalamic commissures, the commissure of the posterior tuberculum, the postoptic, the habenular, and the anterior commissures. Projections to the infundibulum and the median eminence are relatively sparse; no fibers are labeled in the pituitary gland. Ascending projections to the forebrain are extensive. Major targets include the dorsal hypothalamus, the periventricular preoptic nuclei, the habenula, the subhabenular region, the anterodorsal thalamus, and the medial telencephalic hemisphere (septum). Most ascending fibers follow the medial forebrain bundle; others course in the fasciculus retroflexus and terminate in rostral parts of the ipsilateral habenula. Descending fibers run caudally along the ventral floor of the brainstem. They terminate in the neuropil of the mesencephalic tegmentum, ventral tectum, isthmic region, ventral portions of the reticular formation throughout the rhombencephalon, and extend into the spinal cord. Intraocular application of cobaltous lysine results in selective impregnation of neurons in the PVO and their ascending and descending projections, presumably via uptake of tracer from vascular circulation. These projections do not represent retinofugal or retinopetal projections. We provide conclusive evidence for the existence of a PVO in Protopterus. On the basis of PVO location and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, we propose subdivisions of the infundibular hypothalamus corresponding to those in amphibians. Ascending PVO projections appear to be particularly well developed in lungfish compared with other species and may be related to specialized endocrine mechanisms in this group of vertebrates.
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PMID:Paraventricular organ of the lungfish Protopterus dolloi: morphology and projections of CSF-contacting neurons. 239 40

Primary cultures of hippocampal neurons are important for the study of trace elements in epileptogenesis. We developed a model system for culturing hippocampal neurons on poly-L-lysine in Iscove's modification of Dulbecco's MEM (IMDM) supplemented with K+, D-glucose, glutamine, insulin, p-amino benzoic acid, transferrin, BSA, beta-estradiol, gentamycin, and fungizone. Neurons were identified by histochemical staining for cholinesterase. Zinc at concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-6) M induced metallothionein in hippocampal neuronal cultures. Maximum metallothionein induction occurred after 48 hrs incubation with zinc.
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PMID:Metallothionein induction in rat hippocampal neurons in primary culture. 251 54

The present investigation revealed the effect of the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin at the dose level 0.25 LD50 at different time intervals on the concentration of 11 rat brain amino acids, on the activities of glutamic oxyacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GpT) and cholinesterase. The study was also extended to include the total protein content during the tested periods. The daily injection of dieldrin caused a marked decrease in the levels of glutamic acid, glutamine and taurine and an increase in the levels of aspartic acid, asparagine, GABA, glycine, lysine, serine, alanine and histidine. However, the maximal increase and decrease were recorded for most of the tested amino acids at the end of the tested period. The activity of the transaminases increased significantly. The recorded values of GOT were usually higher than GPT. Cholinesterase activity was inhibited thoroughly during all the experimental periods. Total protein content was decreased in the experiment; the minimal value was given 3 days after the injection.
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PMID:Effect of dieldrin injection on the level of certain amino acids and some enzymes in rat brain. 287 4

Cells dissociated from cerebral hemispheres of 8-day-old chick embryos were seeded on poly-L-lysine coated Petri dishes in serum-containing medium. After 24 hr the culture medium was switched to a serum-free, chemically defined medium. These cultures contain mainly neuronal cells until day 14, characterized by the presence of acetylcholinesterase activity and neurofilament proteins. After 2 weeks glial cells progressively contaminated the neuronal culture. Cultures were maintained for a period of 4 weeks. From day 6 on numerous synapses with clear vesicles were observed. The activity of choline acetyltransferase remained low throughout the culture period, while GABA levels increased in parallel with synaptogenesis. Our observations indicate that chick cerebral hemisphere neuronal cultures grown in serum-free, chemically defined medium contain GABAergic neurons that undergo maturation.
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PMID:Synapse formation and development of neurotransmitter functions in neuronal cells from chick brain cultured in a serum-free, defined medium. 290 70

The rat core-specific lectin (CSL) or mannan-binding protein is synthesized and secreted by rat hepatocytes and H-4-II-E hepatoma cells. Prior to secretion proline and lysine residues with collagen-like sequences undergo hydroxylation and subsequent glycosylation of hydroxylysine to produce glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Hydroxylation and subsequent glycosylation are inhibited by alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl (Colley, K. J., and Baenziger, U. U. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 10290-10295). We have used alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl to investigate the role of hydroxylation and glycosylation on interchain disulfide bond formation, assembly of subunits into high molecular weight complexes, attainment of carbohydrate and lipid binding ability, and secretion. Formation of disulfide-bonded dimers and trimers in the endoplasmic reticulum, assembly into high molecular weight complexes in the Golgi, and attainment of carbohydrate binding activity occur in either the presence or absence of these post-translational modifications. The mature fully processed form of the CSL binds hydrophobic matrices and is secreted at a slow, but linear, rate. Inhibition of proline and lysine hydroxylation and hydroxylysine glycosylation prevents CSL secretion and attainment of binding activity for hydrophobic matrices. Secretion of the lectin, although slow, appears to be an active process and may be related to the capacity to interact with membranes and/or lipids. Other proteins known to contain collagen-like sequences such as acetylcholinesterase, pulmonary surfactant apoproteins, and C1q also interact with lipids and/or membranes. The collagen-like domains of these proteins may also play a role in promoting such interactions.
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PMID:Post-translational modifications of the core-specific lectin. Relationship to assembly, ligand binding, and secretion. 311 40


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