Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cells of three established lines of human neuroblastoma and an established line of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma were grown in control medium or in experimental medium containing mouse nerve growth factor (NGF). Cultures were stained histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) during log growth and at confluency. Human neuroblastoma cells grown in medium containing NGF were morphologically more differentiated and they were stained much more intensely for AChE during both phases of growth than were cells in control cultures. The enzyme was distributed over cell bodies and neurites. Neuroblastoma cells of the mouse line were not stimulated to form neurites by NGF, but they were more intensely stained for acetylcholinesterase than cells grown in control medium. These observations support earlier findings that NGF stimulates differentiation of human and mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro.
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PMID:Histochemical demonstration of an increase in acetylcholinesterase in established lines of human and mouse neuroblastomas by nerve growth factor. 103 92

We examined the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on cholinergic neurons in culture from postnatal rat basal forebrain by assay of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and cytochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). BDNF was found to increase the ChAT activities but failed to promote the survival of AChE-positive neurons in cultures from neonatal (P3) rats, suggesting that its main role is cholinergic differentiation. In contrast, an enhancement of the survival of AChE-positive neurons and of ChAT activity was observed in cultures from P15-16 rats, suggesting that BDNF's main action is the maintenance of cholinergic neurons. Our results indicate a similarity between BDNF and nerve growth factor effects on the responses of cholinergic neurons of postnatal rat basal forebrain in culture.
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PMID:Neurotrophic effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in culture from postnatal rats. 133 25

1. The effects of retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, nerve growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate on the human neuroblastoma cell line, LAN-5, were studied. Intracellular levels of acetylcholinesterase, neuron-specific enolase, catecholamines and related neurotransmitters, vasointestinal peptide, and substance P were evaluated after induction. 2. Cell morphology was strongly affected by retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. The main effects of retinoic acid and gamma-interferon were the loosening of cell clusters and the extension of long neurites; cytosine arabinoside induced cell body swelling and marked neuritogenesis. Following 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate treatment, the cells became small, round, and neuritic. Conversely, modifications induced by nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor were mild. Cell proliferation rate was reduced by retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, while nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor were devoid of effects. 3. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly stimulated by retinoic acid and by gamma-interferon. Neuron-specific enolase activity was unaffected by all treatments except 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, which enhanced it by 1.6-fold. 4. The cellular catecholamine and related metabolite content was lowered by retinoic acid and gamma-interferon, while cytosine arabinoside and, even more, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate showed a stimulatory activity on their intracellular accumulation. 5. Finally, the cell-associated vasointestinal peptide level was strikingly increased by gamma-interferon and, to a lesser extent, by retinoic acid, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. 6. It is concluded that the most relevant biochemical changes associated with LAN-5 cells differentiation involve the repertoire of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These events vary in quality and in quantity, likely due to the pattern complexity of gene expression triggered by each inducer in determining the diversity of neuronal phenotypes.
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PMID:A combined evaluation of biochemical and morphological changes during human neuroblastoma cell differentiation. 135 48

The anatomical organization of cholinergic markers such as acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and nerve growth factor receptors was investigated in the basal ganglia of the human brain. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive axons and varicosities and their relationship to regional perikarya showed that the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus of the human brain receive widespread cholinergic innervation. Components of the striatum (i.e., the putamen, caudate, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens) displayed the highest density of cholinergic varicosities. The next highest density of cholinergic innervation was detected in the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus. The level of cholinergic innervation was of intermediate density in the globus pallidus and the ventral tegmental area and low in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Immunoreactivity for nerve growth factor receptors (NGFr) was confined to the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and their processes. Axonal immunoreactivity for NGFr was therefore used as a marker for cholinergic projections originating from the basal forebrain (Woolf et al., '89: Neuroscience 30:143-152). Although the vast majority of striatal cholinergic innervation was NGFr-negative and, therefore, intrinsic, the striatum also contained NGFr-positive axons, indicating the existence of an additional cholinergic input from the basal forebrain. This basal forebrain cholinergic innervation was more pronounced in the putamen than in the caudate. The distribution of NGFr-positive axons suggested that the basal forebrain may also project to the globus pallidus but probably not to the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, or red nucleus. The great majority of cholinergic innervation to these latter three structures and to parts of the globus pallidus appeared to come from cholinergic neurons outside the basal forebrain, most of which are probably located in the upper brainstem. These observations indicate that cholinergic neurotransmission originating from multiple sources is likely to play an important role in the diverse motor and behavioral affiliations that have been attributed to the human basal ganglia.
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PMID:Cholinergic innervation of the human striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus. 140 Dec 59

The effects of epidermal growth factor on high density primary cultures of fetal (embryonic day 17) rat septal cells were examined. Under serum-free conditions, the continuous exposure of these cultures to epidermal growth factor for seven days significantly decreased choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) activity in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal decreases were observed from 1 to 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor. This effect was completely abolished by the addition of anti-epidermal growth factor antibodies. The epidermal growth factor-mediated decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity was culture-time dependent, being first detectable after five days of factor application and may likely represent an inhibition of the spontaneous increase in enzyme activity that occurs with time in culture. Concomitant with changes in enzyme activity, epidermal growth factor produced a significant and proportional decrease in the number of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons. This decrease in acetylcholinesterase-positive cells did not reflect a decrease in cholinergic cell survival as nerve growth factor could restore the number of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in epidermal growth factor-treated cultures to control levels. Furthermore, in these high-density cultures, epidermal growth factor did not affect general neuronal survival, while it did produce an increase in the number and intensity of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astroglia as well as in the number of macrophage-like cells. The proliferative response of these non-neuronal cells to epidermal growth factor, as assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation, was evident after three days of epidermal growth factor application, persisted thereafter, and could be antagonized by the inclusion of the antimitotic 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Furthermore, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine completely blocked the epidermal growth factor-mediated decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity. However, when epidermal growth factor was tested in pure glial cultures, it only directly induced proliferation of astrocytes. These results suggest that the proliferative response of either one or both of these glial cell types in the mixed cultures may be indirectly affecting cholinergic cell expression.
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PMID:Epidermal growth factor affects both glia and cholinergic neurons in septal cell cultures. 140 62

Dissociated cells from 13- and 17-day-old embryonic rat mesencephali have grown in primary cultures in order to compare the early and late influences of different agents--insulin, dexamethasone and nerve growth factor (NGF)--on the expression of cholinergic maturation process. We have studied cholin acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, which is regarded as a specific marker for cholinergic function of the brain, and a widely used differentiation marker, the acetyl-cholinesterase (AchE) enzyme. Biochemical maturation of increasing specific activity of ChAT in both younger and older cells was taken into consideration. During cultivation the AchE activity was slightly increased in younger cells, but a dramatic decrease could be noted in older ones. Insulin in concentration from 10 to 27 micrograms mL-1 causes a significant inhibition in ChAT activity in comparison with the enzyme activity measured in control cultures (insulin ranging from 1 to 100 ng), independently of embryos age. This polypeptide hormone is able to enhance AchE activity in the cultured cells, especially in older ones. With continuous treatment of the culture with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, the ChAT activity in younger cells reaches a maximum curve by day 9 (nine). At this time the AchE activity shows a slighter, no significant increase than at any other time during cultivation. In cell cultures taken from 17-day-old embryos however dexamethasone treatment evoked a significant decrease in ChAT activity with a concomitant increase of AchE activity which was compared to insulin treatment. In spite of the fact that the NGF is able to enhance the ChAT activity, no significant alteration in AchE activity can be measured in younger cell cultures. These results suggest an uneven expression of the enzymes in embryonic rat mesencephali in the presence of above agents depending on the age of cells.
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PMID:Early and late hormonal modulation of cholinergic maturation in culture of embryonic mesencephali. 141 68

Neurons dissociated from septal area of fetal (E18-19) rat brain were grown 14-days in culture. Cholinergic neurons were identified by cytochemical demonstration of acetyl cholinesterase. It was shown that the nerve growth factor added to the culture medium (50 u/ml) has increased the size of cell body of AchE-positive neurons, mean total length and arborization of dendrites and also the dendritic tree area.
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PMID:[Effects of nerve growth factor on the development of the dendritic system of cholinergic neurons in dissociated culture of the rat septum]. 142 Dec 39

Using the monoclonal antibody, ME 20.4, against the p75 nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity has been identified in axonal processes innervating the human hippocampus, where previously a loss of reactivity has been reported in a preliminary study of Alzheimer's disease [10]. In an extended analysis of 15 cases of Alzheimer's disease, the number of NGF receptor positive fibres in the fimbria and alveus was generally decreased compared with age-matched normal groups, in presenile but not senile cases (differentiated by age of onset before or after 65 years). By contrast, in 5 demented Parkinson's disease cases (aged 61-86 years at death) immunohistochemically reactive fibres were consistently minimal or absent. This pattern of NGF receptor loss in the hippocampus most closely reflects the loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurones, previously reported within the different clinical groups but not by biochemical measures of cholinergic function. It is concluded that even at moderately advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease with onset in the senium, axonal processes and NGF receptor mechanisms may be structurally intact in areas of cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain, despite evidence of cholinergic dysfunction (decreased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase), but that in presenile Alzheimer's and in demented Parkinson's disease cases the receptor declines in conjunction with the loss of subcortical neurones and their processes. The loss of ChAT activity may therefore reflect a dysfunction of the NGF system, in its normal maintenance of the cholinergic phenotype in basal forebrain neurones.
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PMID:Hippocampal nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. 143 50

We studied survival and expression of cholinergic properties in embryonic septal neurons grown in very low density microcultures (1-7 cells per Terasaki well). Even in cultures containing only a single neuron, at least 10% of plated neurons survived for 2 weeks or more in medium containing fetal calf serum or an acid-stable fraction (55,000 Da) of horse serum. Of these surviving neurons, 30-40% stained positively for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, even though the culture medium lacked detectable levels of NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and fibroblast growth factor. Addition of NGF or an antibody against NGF had no effect on either neuronal survival or the percentage of neurons staining positively for AChE or NGF receptor after 18-20 days in vitro. There was no cell division in medium containing the serum fraction, but when 10% fetal calf serum was present cell division occurred in some of the cultures, and in half of these cases at least one of the clonal progeny became AChE-positive. These results demonstrate that some embryonic septal cells can survive at least 2 weeks and develop cholinergic neuronal properties in the absence of other cells or NGF.
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PMID:Rat embryonic septal neurons survive and express cholinergic properties in isolation and without nerve growth factor. 147 54

We have established a primary culture technique for neuronal cells from rat basal forebrain from postnatal day 58 (P58) to study the effects of neurotrophic factors on the neurons. The survival of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive neurons of 2-week-old rat septum has already been reported to be strongly supported by nerve growth factor (NGF) in culture. In this culture study of neurons from adult rat brains, the survival of AChE-positive neurons from P58 rat septum was slightly improved by NGF, although low affinity NGF receptor expression was also observed on cultured P58 rat septum neurons as well as on those from 2-week-old rats. The addition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) improved the survival of AChE-positive neurons cultured from P58 rat septum, but did not promote the survival of neurons from P12 rat septum. These results suggest that NGF changes to a maintenance factor in adult rat brain from a survival factor in postnatal 2-week-old rats. The survival of cholinergic neurons in culture of adult rat septum might be supported by factor(s) other than NGF, such as bFGF.
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PMID:Effects of nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on survival of cultured septal cholinergic neurons from adult rats. 148 88


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