Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interactions between treatments with coumaphos, bishydroxycoumarin (an anticoagulane), trichlorfon (an organophosphorous compound), and phenobarbital sodium (an inducer of microsomal enzymes) were investigated in sheep. A daily dose of 2 mg of coumaphos/kg of body weight for 6 days did not affect the plasma enzymes or the antiprothrombinemic effect of bishydroxy-coumarin in wethers. The treatment of ewes with an intravenous (IV) injection of trichlorfon, insufficient to produce significant inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, appeared to produce additive effects with those produced by subsequent treatment with 4 mg of coumaphos/kg/day. In ewes given 40 mg of phenobarbital sodium/kg for 5 days intraperitoneally (IP), the anticholinesterase effect of 4 mg of coumaphos/kg was significantly reduced and signs of toxicity were not present. Treatment with daily doses of 2 mg of coumaphos/kg for 6 days did not modify the anticholinesterase effect of a 2nd series of treatments given 6 weeks later.
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PMID:Repeated oral administration of coumaphos in sheep: interactions of coumaphos with bishydroxycoumarin, trichlorfon, and phenobarbital sodium. 4 30

Anterograde degeneration studies have shown that the cochlear and vestibular receptor organs receive an efferent innervation from neurons in the brain stem. This pathway may provide a mechanism by which the CNS could modulate its own afferent input. The neurons which provide this innervation have so far escaped positive identification with methods which depend on retrograde cell changes after axotomy. In the present study, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the labryinths of kittens and after allowing 24 hours for the retrograde axonal transport of this tracer, its presence in neurons of the brain stem was demonstrated histochemically. Because there is evidence that the efferent innervation of the labyrinth is cholinergic, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was also demonstrated histochemically in the same or in adjacent tissue sections. Neurons labelled with HRP were found bilaterally in most periolivary cell groups of the superior olivary complex (cochlear efferents) and in the parvocellular reticular nucleus lateral to the abducens nucleus (vestibular efferents). Counts of labelled neurons yielded estimated totals of 1,700-1,800 cochlear and 400-500 vestibular efferent neurons. Approximately 60% of the neurons in each total were located on the side ipsilateral to the injection. The distribution of HRP-labelled neurons was virtually identical to that of AChE-positive neurons found in adjacent sections, and in those regions with predominantly ipsilateral or contralateral projections, there was an approximate correspondence in number of HRP- and AChE-positive neurons. In tissue sections processed successively for demonstration of HRP and AChE, virtually all HRP-labelled neurons were found to be AChE-positive. These findings suggest that a number of current conceptions regarding labyrinthine efferent systems may need revision.
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PMID:Olivocochlear and vestibular efferent neurons of the feline brain stem: their location, morphology and number determined by retrograde axonal transport and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. 4 66

Human erythrocyte membrane proteins solubilized with the non-ionic detergent Berol EMU-043 have been characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit antibodies raised against the membrane material. Three out of sixteen membrane-specific immunoprecipitates disappeared when the antisera were first absorbed with intact erythrocytes. This finding indicates that three antigens are exposed on the outside of the erythrocyte membrane. One of these antigens showed acetylcholinesterase activity, and another was the major glycoprotein (glycophorin) as shown by crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis. No antigenic determinants of the latter protein were detected within the membrane or on its inner surface. In crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antisera after absorption with washed, non-sealed membranes only one precipitate remained. This precipitate corresponded to albumin. Accordingly, several proteins seem to have antigenic determinants exposed on the inside of the membrane.
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PMID:Immunoabsorption of membrane-specific antibodies for determination of exposed and hidden proteins in human erythrocyte membranes. 4 98

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been localized in the rabbit cornea by light and electron microscopy histochemical techniques. In the stroma, the enzyme is concentrated in nerves. In the epithelium, the enzyme is concentrated in intercellular spaces devoid of nerves. The morphologic appearance of the enzyme staining by light and electron microscopy in the epithelium is similar; consequently, the staining demonstrated with light microscopy examination does not always represent epithelial nerves. A significant portion of corneal acetylcholinesterase therefore appears unrelated to nerves. Considerably smaller deposits of enzyme reaction product were present in cells in every layer of the cornea, using electron microscopy histochemistry; they were not identified by light microscopy.
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PMID:Localization of acetylcholinesterase in the rabbit cornea by light and electron microscopy. 5 Mar 3

The studies were carried out on mice between the 14th and 19th days, i.e., in the period of maximum penetration of T. spiralis larvae in the host's muscles. Phosphoro-organic esters were given orally to experimental animals in oil solution, at the following doses: Z-50 -- 150 mg per kg of body weight and Z-51 -- 100 mg per kg of body weight. The influence of esters on the activity of cholinesterases was investigated with the Koelle-Friedenwald method, modified by Gomori. The aim of the study was to establish the joint activity of the migrating Trichinella larvae and phosphoro-organic esters on the organism of the host. Z-50 and Z-51 penetrate in therapeutic doses the striated muscles rather weakly. 24 hrs after these compounds were given, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was inhibited in motor end-plates in about 30%, and in muscle fibres infected with T. spiralis larvae in about 60-70%. Pseudocholinesterase (PChE) activity was stronger inhibited than AChE. 24 hrs after applying Z-50 and Z-51 PChE was inhibited in about 90%. Of the two phosphoro-organic esters being examined Z-51 stronger inhibited the cholinesterases activity than Z-50. It was found that the efficiency of phosphoro-organic esters in the course of trichinellosis depends on its ability of infiltration into the host's muscles and on the degree of inhibition of the active cholinesterases in the motor end-plates. Attention was drawn to the fact that increased activity of cholinergic system is one of the main factors in the patholgenesis of the second phase of trichinellosis, i.e., the migration and penetration of the larvae in the muscular fibres of the host.
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PMID:[Histochemical study of the effect of phosphoroorganic esters Z-50 (fenchlorfos) and Z-51 (bromophos) on cholinesteras activity in the course of the muscle phase in experimental trichinellosis in mice]. 5 51

The ultrastructure of neuromuscular junctions in various organs of a starfish and a holothurian was studied. All neurons were found to contain large (100-250 nm), dense-core vesicles. Cytochemical tests for acetylcholinesterase were negative for these neurons. The presence of proteinaceous neurosecretory material was contested by enzymatic digestion (pepsin) which did not attack the dense-core vesicles, as well as by incubation in phosphotungstic acid (PTA) which did not stain these structures. Staining with dichromate produced a positive reaction for 5-hydroxytryptamine. In the absence of synaptic modifications even after specific staining with PTA, the transmission of nervous impulses is effectuated through exocytosis of 5-hydroxytryptamine at nerve endings in the muscle tissue.
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PMID:An ultrastructural and cytochemical study of neuromuscular junctions in echinoderms. 5 43

With the aid of the Ferrocyanidmethod from KARNOVSKI und ROOTS ChE-positiv structures in the skin of various laboratory animals and of man were located. Specific cholinesterase is found in verves, around apocrine sweat glands and around eccrine sweat glands of some species. In the stratum basale of the epidermis from the rat you can demonstrate a high concentration of acetylcholinesterase. Unspecific cholinesterase is detectable in nerves, in the blood vessels, in the lumen of apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
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PMID:[The histochemical evidence of the cholinesterase in the integument by means of the copper ferro cyanide methode (author's transl)]. 5 82

Accumulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetylase (ChAc) activities proximal to a tie placed on the sciatic nerve was measured in control, untreated diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. In the diabetic animals AChE accumulation was reduced by about 20% and ChAc accumulation by about 40%. Insulin treatment eliminated the impairment. It remains an open question whether these reversible functional changes in rat have any counterpart in the diabetic neuropathy of man.
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PMID:Fast and slow axoplasmic flow in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats. 5 67

Longitudinal 50-100 mum-thick frozen sections of muscle are picked up on slides coated with 3% EDTA and after drying are incubated to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase. Subsequent incubation in 0.5% K3Fe(CN)6 is followed by fixation for 30 minutes in formol-calcium or formol-saline. After washing, the slides are incubated in 20% aqueous AgNO3 containing 0.1% CuSO4 for 2-30 minutes at 37 C. Following development in a 1% solution of quinol (w/v) 5% with respect to NaSO3 (w/v), axons and subneural apparatus stain dark brown to black in contrast to the less well stained muscle fibers and nuclei. This procedure permits study of the pattern of neuromuscular innervation in skeletal muscle 3 1/2-4 hours after receipt of a sample, and makes possible determination of the terminal innervation ratio.
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PMID:A rapid method for demonstrating skeletal muscle motor innervation in frozen sections. 5 7

A combined acetylcholinesterase and silver stain for demonstrating the intramuscular innervation of fresh frozen tissue is described. Intramuscular nerves, subterminal axons, and motor end plates are simultaneously stained brown or black with minimal staining of connective tissue and muscle fibers in longitudinal sections 30-100 mu thick. The method has been applied to fetal and adult rat, porcine, and bovine skeletal muscle. Antemortem and postmortem tissue samples stained equally well. The method facilitates simultaneous appreciation of morphological alterations in nervous and muscular tissues; in clinical and research laboratories alike it is of value when muscle abnormalities which may be related to disorders of nervous origin are studied. Compared with other published procedures this method has shorter time requirements, uses fresh frozen tissue, and displays superior staining characteristics.
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PMID:A combined silver and acetylcholinesterase method for staining intramuscular innervation. 5 25


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