Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive nerves in the dog prostate was compared to the total innervation (as estimated by protein gene product 9.5 immunoreactivity), and to that of adrenergic (tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive), cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase-positive), and some peptidergic nerves immunoreactive towards vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, and helospectin. Clusters of ganglia with cell bodies containing acetylcholinesterase, or one of these six immunoreactive components, were found in the dorsal capsule. Coarse nerve trunks expressing these immunoreactive components extended from the ganglia, and divided into varicose terminals in the capsule and intraglandular smooth muscle strands, and gave off further branches, which surrounded acini and accompanied ducts. The labelling for nitric oxide synthase generally coincided with that for vasoactive intestinal peptide within cell bodies and nerves of various types. Cell bodies, nerve trunks and varicose terminals showing labelling for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide and helospectin were generally also labelled for vasoactive intestinal peptide. The innervation pattern suggests that nitric oxide may act in concert with vasoactive intestinal peptide and related peptides in the control of prostatic smooth muscle activity and secretion.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase-containing nerves and ganglia in the dog prostate: a comparison with other transmitters. 891 34

Pontine cholinergic neurotransmission is known to play a key role in the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and to contribute to state-dependent respiratory depression. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to alter the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in a number of brain regions, and previous studies indicate that NO may participate in the modulation of sleep/wake states. The present investigation tested the hypothesis that inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) within the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) of the unanesthetized cat would decrease ACh release, inhibit REM sleep, and prevent cholinergically mediated respiratory depression. Local NOS inhibition by microdialysis delivery of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) significantly reduced ACh release in the cholinergic cell body region of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and in the cholinoceptive mPRF. A second series of experiments demonstrated that mPRF microinjection of NLA significantly reduced the amount of REM sleep and the REM sleep-like state caused by mPRF injection of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine. Duration but not frequency of REM sleep epochs was significantly decreased by mPRF NLA administration. Injection of NLA into the mPRF before neostigmine injection also blocked the ability of neostigmine to decrease respiratory rate during the REM sleep-like state. Taken together, these findings suggest that mPRF NO contributes to the modulation of ACh release, REM sleep, and breathing.
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PMID:Pontine nitric oxide modulates acetylcholine release, rapid eye movement sleep generation, and respiratory rate. 898 99

1. Modification by endogenous or exogenous acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) of vasodilatation mediated by nitric oxide (NO) released from nitroxidergic nerves was studied in isolated monkey cerebral arteries. In arterial strips denuded of endothelium, transmural electrical stimulation (2-20 Hz) produced relaxations that were abolished by tetrodotoxin. 2. The relaxation response was attenuated by acetylcholine, and the attenuation was reversed by atropine. Attenuation was also observed with AF-DX 116, an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype, M2. NO-induced relaxation was not affected by acetylcholine. Neurogenic relaxation was also inhibited by physostigmine and potentiated by atropine. 3. VIP in concentrations that elicited slight relaxation did not alter the response to nerve stimulation. In the strips showing tachyphylaxis to VIP, the neurogenic response was not inhibited. 4. Histochemical studies of whole-mount preparations revealed nerve fibres with NO synthase and VIP immunoreactivity, and also acetylcholinesterase, suggesting the presence of perivascular nitroxidergic, VIPergic and cholinergic innervation. 5. It is concluded that the actions of nitroxidergic nerve fibres on the monkey cerebral artery are inhibited by nerve-released acetylcholine acting on prejunctional muscarinic receptors, possibly of the M2 subtype. Despite the presence of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres and the ability of exogenous VIP to relax the artery, there is no evidence supporting either a prejunctional modulation of nitroxidergic nerve function by VIP or a role for VIP as a vasodilatory neurotransmitter.
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PMID:Inhibition of nitroxidergic nerve function by neurogenic acetylcholine in monkey cerebral arteries. 903 92

Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the intrinsic ganglia in the porcine, monkey and canine tongue was histologically investigated using the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) method, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunohistochemistry. The majority of intralingual ganglionic cells showed intense NADPH-d reactivity with positive acetylcholinesterase reaction or positive VIP immunohistochemistry. The NADPH-d positive, acetylcholinesterase-rich and the NADPH-d positive, VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers are particularly conspicuous around intralingual blood vessels. These fibers around the arteries in the tongue may be partly derived from the intralingual ganglion cells, because some bundles associated with these nerve cells were easily traced on the wall of blood vessels. The present study suggests the view that the three markers coexist in the axons and nerve terminals of these intralingual neurons.
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PMID:Colocalization of acetylcholinesterase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) positive neurons in the intralingual ganglia and perivascular nerve fibers around lingual arteries in the porcine, monkey and canine tongue. 914 36

Recently, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) I has been identified in skeletal muscle fibers, where the enzyme is found to be associated to the sarcolemma by the alpha 1-syntrophin-dystrophin complex. It has, however, been proposed that a substantial proportion of NOS I at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is of neuronal origin. We have, therefore, investigated the distribution of NOS I in NMJ of normal rats and mice as well as mdx mice which lack dystrophin and, consequently, NOS I in the sarcolemma region by enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Sites of NOS I accumulation, evident at NMJ of healthy animals, were absent in mdx mice, indicating a predominantly, if not exclusively, postsynaptic localization of NOS I at NMJ. Moreover, simultaneous demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity revealed a heterogeneity of NMJ in rat and mouse skeletal muscles: type I showed only AChE activity and was found to predominate; type II was spatially separated from the AChE-positive NMJ, occurred less frequently and contained both AChE activity and NOS I. These data suggest that type II NMJ are provided with additional regulatory mechanisms, such as free radical signaling by the NOS I-derived NO which may exert modulatory effects on the choline acetyltransferase/ACh/AChE pathway. Furthermore, type II may represent those NMJ where recently glutamate-gated NMDA-type Ca2+ channels have been described, which in analogy to those in the nervous system may serve also in skeletal muscle fibers as NOS I activators.
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PMID:Differences in the localization of the postsynaptic nitric oxide synthase I and acetylcholinesterase suggest a heterogeneity of neuromuscular junctions in rat and mouse skeletal muscles. 915 Jul 96

Previous studies on adult rat and mouse skeletal muscles have shown the spatial association of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) I to the dystrophin complex (DC) in the sarcolemma of type II fibers and, in combination with the NMDA receptor-1 (NMDAR-1), an accumulation of the enzyme at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of this fiber type. Using immunohistochemistry, enzyme histochemistry and alpha-bungarotoxin labeling we report here temporal relationships of NOS I, members of the DC, other components of the cortical cytoskeleton in the junctional and non-junctional sarcolemma as well as of molecules involved in NMJ transmission of either type I or II myofibers especially in head and neck muscles during postnatal rat and mouse development. Fiber typing was performed by specific anti-myosin antibodies. Beginning with postnatal day (PD) 1 in both fiber types dystrophin, dystrophin-associated glycoproteins (DAG), beta-dystroglycan, alpha-sarcoglycan (adhalin) and spectrin were present in the junctional and extrajunctional sarcolemma, while utrophin, acetylcholinesterase, alpha-bungarotoxin labeled acetylcholine receptors were concentrated in the NMJ of both fiber types. NOS I activity and immunoreactivity were only found in the NMJ region of type II fibers, where NMDAR-1 appeared around PD 15. Primarily in the tongue there was no strict correlation between muscle fiber type and NOS I behaviour during early postnatal development, and muscle fibers not reactive for myosin antibodies against both fiber types were negative or positive for NOS I but always positive for the other molecules either in both the junctional and extrajunctional sarcolemma or in the NMJ only; later all muscle fibers of the tongue were of type II and NOS I-positive. Maturation of enzyme activities, immunoreactivities and AChR intensity depended on the respective muscle and can last until PD 50; in the tongue and neck muscles they appeared to increase approximately until PD 20 or 25. In conclusion, in type II fibers of rat and mouse skeletal muscle all molecules with the exception of NMDAR-1 and relevant for NOS I targeting and positioning as well as function inside and outside the NMJ are already present at birth, but their concentrations and/or activities increase postnatally, and the adult situation appears to be reached between the third and seventh week of postnatal life. Therefore, initial interactions between NOS I and the other molecules necessary for the formation of the NOS I-DC in and on the way to the sarcolemma presumably take place before birth.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) I during postnatal development in rat and mouse skeletal muscle. 938 14

The pattern of cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, and NADPH-diaphorase activity was studied in the supratemporal plane, the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, and the insula of normal human brains. Five dark cytochrome oxidase regions were found: (i) on Heschl's gyrus (area TC of von Economo and Koskinas); (ii) on the planum polare (area TC/TG); (iii) posterior to Heschl's gyrus (within area TA); (iv) on the posterior convexity of the superior temporal gyrus (within area TA); and (v) on the posterosuperior insula (area IB). More lightly stained cortex separated these regions (areas IA, TD, and part of TB). The laminar distribution of cytochrome oxidase activity varied in different areas. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers predominated in area TC and pyramidal neurons in areas TA and IA and in parts of TB; a mixture of fiber and neuronal staining was found in TC/TG, TD, and IB. NADPH-diaphorase positive profiles included large darkly stained nonpyramidal neurons, mostly in infragranular layers and in subcortical white matter, small faintly stained cells, and a dense array of fibers. The NADPH-diaphorase staining pattern did not vary between areas. The present results suggest that the supratemporal plane, the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, and the insula contain at least eight putative cortical areas. Comparison with activation studies by others suggest that, apart from the primary auditory area, six other putative areas may be auditory whereas one putative area, on posterior insula, may be vestibular.
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PMID:Cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, and NADPH-diaphorase staining in human supratemporal and insular cortex: evidence for multiple auditory areas. 941 72

The distribution and origin of cerebrovascular nitrergic nerves were studied immunohistochemically and histochemically in the bent-winged bat. The supply of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive (IR) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)-positive nerves to the bat major cerebral arteries differs from the general mammalian pattern in that it is preferential for the vertebrobasilar system (VBS) as opposed to the internal carotid system. Interestingly, a few nerve cells with bright NOS immunofluorescence and intense NADPHd activity were localized in the walls of the vertebral artery (VA) and basilar artery (BA) from many individual bats. Cerebral perivascular NOS-IR nerves were generally immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). NOS-IR neurons intrinsic to the BA and VA expressed variable degrees of VIP immunoreactivity and showed no acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Most cell bodies of the microganglia (MG) in the carotid canal and tympanic cavity, and those of the cranial and cervical facial ganglia, showed both NOS and VIP immunoreactivities and were stained intensely for NADPHd. From these and other findings, it is suggested that, in the bent-winged bat at least, the BA and VA of the cerebral arterial tree are frequently dually innervated by two neurochemically defined nitrergic neurons, the cranial parasympathetic VIP-IR and AChE-positive neurons, which are derived mainly from the MG via the internal carotid artery, and the intrinsic neurons, either IR or immunonegative for VIP but negative for AChE, which form an outflow tract from some caudally located ganglia projecting to the VBS via the VA.
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PMID:Nitrergic innervation of the cerebral arterial tree in the bent-winged bat (mammalia: Microchiroptera). 945 98

Cross-sections of the vas deferens taken from control adult male rats showed positive histochemical reactivity to acetylcholinesterase and immunoreactivity for antibodies to protein gene product 9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, nitric oxide synthase and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Immunoreactivity to substance P was very sparse. Histochemical reactivity to acetylcholinesterase and immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was concentrated in the subepithelial lamina propria and inner smooth muscle layers. Complete surgical denervation resulting from transection of the nerve arising from the pelvic ganglion which supplies the vas deferens totally abolished the immunoreactivity to all of the antibodies tested as well as the histochemical reactivity to acetylcholinesterase. In sections of the prostatic end of the vas deferens taken from rats neonatally pretreated with capsaicin, immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P was reduced by 75 and 83%, respectively. Immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was similar in tissue sections taken from capsaicin-treated rats and those taken from control tissues. Pretreatment of rats with guanethidine or 6-hydroxydopamine decreased immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y by 60-70%, but immunoreactivity to substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was unchanged, while immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide and acetylcholinesterase staining was increased by guanethidine but not by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Triple labelling experiments showed nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholinesterase all to be co-localized in some nerve fibres. These results indicate that the nitric oxide synthase contained in the nerve fibres innervating the rat vas deferens is unaffected by pretreatment of rats with capsaicin, 6-hydroxydopamine or guanethidine but is abolished by surgical denervation, of postganglionic parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory nerves. Therefore it appears that nitric oxide synthase is co-localized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves which innervate the rat vas deferens.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase is co-localized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in postganglionic parasympathetic nerves innervating the rat vas deferens. 946 Jul 67

Co-localization of NADPH-diaphorase (ND) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were explored in the magnocellular secretory nuclei of the rat hypothalamus by means of a double histochemical staining of the same sections. Partial co-existence was found in all the nuclei studied (paraventricular, supraoptic, fornicals and circular nuclei). No particular location of the neurons expressing both markers was found, although in the paraventricular nucleus all of them (ND +, AChE + and neurons expressing both markers) were preferentially located in the magnocellular subdivisions whereas in the parvicellular ones only some neurons belonging to all three types were detected, mainly located in the periventricular and medial subdivisions. The lowest degree of co-existence was found at the level of the main magnocellular nuclei (supraoptic and paraventricular) when compared with the accessory magnocellular nuclei, especially the posterior fornical and the circular nuclei. These results extend previous data on the chemical nature of the neurons producing nitric oxide in the neurosecretory nuclei and the possible functional role of this atypical messenger in the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Partial co-existence of NADPH-diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase in the hypothalamic magnocellular secretory nuclei of the rat. 962 51


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