Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Approximately 230,000 kg of organophosphate (OP) pesticides are applied annually in California's Salinas Valley. These activities have raised concerns about exposures to area residents. We collected three spot urine samples from pregnant women (between 1999 and 2001) enrolled in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a longitudinal birth cohort study, and analyzed them for six dialkyl phosphate metabolites. We used urine from 446 pregnant women to estimate OP pesticide doses with two deterministic steady-state modeling methods: method 1, which assumed the metabolites were attributable entirely to a single diethyl or dimethyl OP pesticide; and method 2, which adapted U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) draft guidelines for cumulative risk assessment to estimate dose from a mixture of OP pesticides that share a common mechanism of toxicity. We used pesticide use reporting data for the Salinas Valley to approximate the mixture to which the women were exposed. Based on average OP pesticide dose estimates that assumed exposure to a single OP pesticide (method 1), between 0% and 36.1% of study participants' doses failed to attain a margin of exposure (MOE) of 100 relative to the U.S. EPA oral benchmark dose(10) (BMD(10)), depending on the assumption made about the parent compound. These BMD(10) values are doses expected to produce a 10% reduction in brain cholinesterase activity compared with background response in rats. Given the participants' average cumulative OP pesticide dose estimates (method 2) and regardless of the index chemical selected, we found that 14.8% of the doses failed to attain an MOE of 100 relative to the BMD(10) of the selected index. An uncertainty analysis of the pesticide mixture parameter, which is extrapolated from pesticide application data for the study area and not directly quantified for each individual, suggests that this point estimate could range from 1 to 34%. In future analyses, we will use pesticide-specific urinary metabolites, when available, to evaluate cumulative OP pesticide exposures.
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PMID:Cumulative organophosphate pesticide exposure and risk assessment among pregnant women living in an agricultural community: a case study from the CHAMACOS cohort. 1452 44

In the present study, the cumulative exposure of 25 acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibiting pesticides through the consumption of nine fruits and vegetables by the Brazilian population was assessed. Food consumption data were obtained from a household budget survey conducted in all Brazilian states from July 2002 to June 2003. Residue data from 4001 samples were obtained from the Brazilian national monitoring program on pesticide residues. Relative potency factors (RPF) were calculated with methamidophos or acephate as index compounds (IC), using BMD(10) or NOAEL for AChE inhibition, mostly in rat brain, obtained from national and international pesticide evaluations. Monocrotophos and triazophos, in addition to aldicarb, had the highest calculated RPF in any scenario. The exposure to AChE inhibiting pesticides for the general population at P99.9, represented 33.6% of the ARfD as methamidophos and 70.2% ARfD as acephate. The exposure calculated as acephate could exceed the ARfD at the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval for this percentile. Exposure for children aged up to 6 years were, on average, 2.4 times higher than the exposure for the general population. Tomato represented about 67% of the total intake of AChE inhibiting pesticides. The highest calculated equivalent residues in tomato, which drove most of the estimated intakes at the high percentiles, were related to the illegal use of monocrotophos and triazophos in this crop.
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PMID:Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative acute exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in the Brazilian diet. 1656 91

Pure magnesium (Mg) was implanted intramedullary into the femur of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats to investigate its effect on bone growth after 6 weeks degradation. The experimental results showed that the femoral BMD in diabetic rats was significantly lower than that in controls (p < 0.01) but restored notably by Mg implantation. The contents of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Mg, zinc (Zn), potassium (K), strontium (Sr), and sulfur (S) in bone of diabetic group were significantly lower than those in controls but remarkably increased with implantation of Mg. The residual weight calculation showed that 29.41% of Mg was degraded in vivo. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the reaction layer on the surface of the Mg implant mainly consisted of C, Ca, O, P, and Mg. Besides, serum Mg level was significantly decreased in diabetic group compared with the control group but increased by Mg treatment. Also, there were no significant differences in body weight and blood glucose, as well as blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIc%), serum Ca, alanine aminitransperase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), uric acid (UA), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), cholinesterase (CHE), and creatinine (CR) levels between diabetic and Mg-implanted rats. The study indicated that Mg implant had no obvious toxicity in STZ-induced diabetic rats and may act as a potential agent to treat osteoporosis.
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PMID:Potential antiosteoporosis effect of biodegradable magnesium implanted in STZ-induced diabetic rats. 2202 Nov 86