Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The acute phase of experimental Chagas' disease in rats is associated with early lesions of the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart, the varicosities being the target. In the superior cervical and stellate ganglia the preganglionic fibres showed no signs of lesion in the course of experimental Chagas' disease. In the adrenal medulla, however, the acute phase of the Trypanosoma cruzi infection induced a clear rarefaction of the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres (20 and 32 days after infection). Recovery of the normal pattern occurred in most animals by day 125 after infection. At days 20, 32 and 46 after infection, electron-microscopic studies demonstrated the occurrence of damage in cholinergic nerve terminals contacting the chromaffin cells. The signs of damage included dense bodies, clumps of synaptic vesicles and filaments, rarefaction of all organelles, vacuoles and irregular contour. The ultrastructural peculiarities of the sympathetic ganglia may explain the ganglionar microenvironment protective against the hazardous factors elicited by acute Chagas' disease.
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PMID:Preganglionic fibres of the adrenal medulla and cervical sympathetic ganglia: differential involvement during experimental American trypanosomiasis in rats. 877 80

A survival analysis was carried out based on the data of 190 male patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (Child A: 82.2%; Child B: 17.8%). Patients (mean age: 49.6 +/- 7.1 years) were examined during the period 1983-1990. Censoring in May 1993 was based on the recordings of the "Rentenversicherungsanstalten". There were no "drop-outs". During follow-up (mean: 4.2 years) 64 (33.7%) of the patients died. 13 potential prognostic variables were examined individually by drawing Kaplan-Meier curves and performing log-rank tests. Portal pressure, determined during hepatic vein catheterization as hepatic vein pressure gradient HVPG (P), size of esophageal varices, serum bilirubin, serum albumin, prothrombin time (Quick), thromboplastin time (PTT), cholinesterase (ChE) and Child scores were correlated to survival (p < 0.05), whereas age, gamma GT, IgA, drinking habits and additional diagnoses were not. A multivariate Cox regression analysis stepwise eliminated all but three variables: ChE, albumin and variceal size were included in the prognostic index PI of the final model. The usefulness of the model was tested by a cross validation method. No significant difference was found between estimated and observed survivorship functions. To compare the PI of the Cox model with Child's scores, ROC curves of sensitivity and specificity of predicting death within one, three and five years were constructed. Better prognostic efficiency was indicated for PI. Because ChE, albumin and the size of varices are determined as a routine in our clinic, we consider the construction of PI an advisable alternative to Child's classification.
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PMID:Survival in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: prognostic value of portal pressure, size of esophageal varices and biochemical data. Comparison with Child classification. 877 35

1. Orbital parasympathetic innervation normally provides prejunctional muscarinic inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmission without activation of excitatory muscarinic receptors located on the innervated smooth muscle. The present study examines the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in limiting the effects of parasympathetically released acetycholine to prejunctional receptors. 2. Urethane anaesthetized rats were placed in a stereotaxic frame, and parasympathetic activation was achieved by electrical stimulation (20 Hz, < 2.0 V) of the ipsilateral superior salivatory nucleus. Drugs were administered through a femoral venous cannula. Superior tarsal smooth muscle responses were measured by recording eyelid tension. 3. Parasympathetic stimulation alone caused a small decrease in resting tension; previous studies have shown this to be attributable to attention of resting sympathetic tone. Parasympathetic activation following physostigmine administration, however, evoked a large contractile response. Contractions were resistant to atropine but were blocked by gallamine, guanethidine, and phentolamine. 4. We conclude that AChE inhibition results in conversion of orbital parasympathetic nerve function from inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmission to smooth muscle excitation. This occurs as a result of cholinergic activation of excitatory nicotinic receptors on sympathetic varicosities, which elicit the release of noradrenaline.
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PMID:Parasympathetic excitation of sympathetic innervation after cholinesterase inhibition. 882 42

Light microscopic choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry was used to examine the distribution of the acetylcholine innervation in primary motor (4 gamma) and sensory (3a, 3b, 41 and 17) cortical areas of adult cat. In every area, scattered immuno-reactive cell bodies were present and a relatively dense meshwork of ChAT immunoreactive axons pervaded the whole cortical thickness. These axons were generally thin and bore innumerable varicosities of different sizes. A few thicker and smoother fibers and occasional clusters of unusually large varicosities were also visible. Overall, area 17 was less densely innervated than the other areas. In each area, layer I showed the densest innervation. Innervation of underlying layers was rather uniform in area 17, but patterned in other areas. In areas 4 gamma and 3a, layers II, upper III and V showed preferential innervation. Innervation of layer IV was the strongest in areas 3b and 41. Area 3a was transitional between 4 gamma and 3b. Except in area 17, the laminar pattern of acetylcholinesterase staining was consistent with that of ChAT. In the light of current data on the distribution of this cortical innervation in different species, and of its presumed ultrastructural features, it appears likely that such regional and laminar features subtend widespread, modulatory roles of ACh.
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PMID:Acetylcholine innervation of sensory and motor neocortical areas in adult cat: a choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemical study. 887 99

The localization of galanin immunoreactivity was analyzed within the olfactory bulb of adult rats. Galanin-positive neurons were differentially distributed among the bulb layers. The density of stained neurons was highest in the glomerular and external plexiform layers. According to morphology, size, location and arrangement, a large proportion of galanin-immunoreactive neurons corresponds to external tufted cells and short-axon neurons in the superficial part of the external plexiform and glomerular layers. A smaller number were middle tufted cells and short-axons neurons while only a few short-axon neurons were labeled in the granule cell layer. Galanin-stained nerve fibers had different structures (thick fibers with or without varicosities, and thin fibers with or without varicosities). Among them were afferent immunoreactive nerve fibers entering the bulb through the olfactory nerve layer, but penetrating superficial layers. Correspondingly, a large number of galanin-positive axons (with or without varicosities) were observed in the olfactory nerve layer. A number of galanin-positive nerve fibers was also present in the glomerular and internal plexiform layers, while these fibers were scarce in the granule cell layer, their density was lowest in the external plexiform layer. These results suggest that galanin-positive axons present in the olfactory bulb originate from at least four different sources. From the periphery axon bundles enter the bulb together with olfactory nerve fibers from the rostral direction and with a fiber bundle from the ventral posterior surface, i.e. at the border between the olfactory tract and the main olfactory bulb along a large blood vessel. Central sources are local interneurons in the olfactory bulb and some extrabulbar brain regions. Double-labeling experiments combining acetylcholinesterase histochemistry with galanin immunocytochemistry did not show any co-localization of acetylcholinesterase and galanin in nerve cell perikarya or nerve fibers. Synthetic porcine galanin (1-29) promoted acetylcholine release in olfactory bulb tissue slices, suggesting that galanin can effectively modulate cholinergic transmission and perhaps other forms of neuronal transmission. It is concluded that galanin may be significantly involved in olfactory processing at cellular and synaptic levels.
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PMID:The structural localization of galanin, and its function in modulating acetylcholine release in the olfactory bulb of adult rat. 915 17

Peripheral innervation of the mouse pancreas was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as by light microscopy (cholinesterase technique). Major nerve bundles usually ran with arteries in the connective tissue septa. They gave off delicate branches that formed plexuses around arteries and arterioles. When reaching the capillaries, nerve fibers left the arterioles and formed very loose networks in the interacinar spaces. The nerves accompanying the arteries also sent off branches toward the islets of Langerhans and formed a dense plexus around the islets. A few delicate nerve fibers were also present around the pancreatic ducts. Thus, the intrapancreatic nerves formed four plexuses: perivascular, periductal, periacinar and peri-insular. The plexuses were networks of unmyelinated nerve fibers consisting of axons with varicosities and Schwann cells. Intrapancreatic ganglia were found in the interlobular connective tissue; ganglia were often closely associated to islets of Langerhans. Our findings indicate that the "interstitial cells" described by light microscopists correspond to Schwann cells. Axons in the nerve plexuses contain transmitter vesicles and therefore represent an autonomic terminal apparatus. The rich innervation of arterioles and islets suggests that neural regulation of secretory function is mediated by control of pancreatic blood flow.
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PMID:Distribution and ultrastructure of the autonomic nerves in the mouse pancreas. 922 Apr 19

The mechanosensory organs of arachnids receive diverse peripheral inputs. Little is known about the origin, distribution, and function of these chemical synapses, which we examined in lyriform slit sense organ VS-3 of the spider Cupiennius salei. The cuticular slits of this organ are each associated with two large bipolar mechanosensory neurons with different adaptation rates. With intracellular recording, we have now been able to correlate directly the staining intensity of a neuron for acetylcholinesterase with its adaptation rate, thus allowing us simply to stain a neuron to identify its functional type. All rapidly adapting neurons stain more heavily than slowly adapting neurons. Immunostaining of whole-mount preparations reveals GABA-like immunoreactive fibers forming numerous varicosities at the surface of all sensory neurons in VS-3; peripheral GABA-like immunoreactive somata are lacking. Sectioning the leg nerve procures rapid degeneration of most fiber profiles, confirming that the fibers are efferent. Punctate synapsin-like immunoreactivity colocalizes to these varicosities, although some synapsin-like immunoreactive puncta are GABA-immunonegative. Fibers with similar immunoreactivities are also associated with trichobothria, tactile hairs, internal joint receptors, i.e. other types of spider mechanosensory organs. In organ VS-3, immunoreactivity is most dense across the initial axon segment. The exact distribution of peripheral synapses was reconstructed from a 10-microm-long electron micrograph series of the dendritic, somatic, and initial axon regions of acetylcholinesterase-stained VS-3 neurons. These reveal a pattern similar to that of the synapsin-like immunoreactivity. Two different types of synapse were distinguished on the basis of their presynaptic vesicle populations. Many peripheral synapses thus appear to derive from efferent GABA-like immunoreactive fibers and probably provide centrifugal inhibitory control of primary mechanosensory activities.
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PMID:Peripheral synapses at identified mechanosensory neurons in spiders: three-dimensional reconstruction and GABA immunocytochemistry. 987 Sep 59

Localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was investigated in the chicken Harderian gland at the electron microscopic level. Nerve cells in the pterygopalatine ganglion showed AChE activity. They had a pale and large nucleus which was round or oval in shape. Reaction product of AChE was detected between the nuclear envelopes; in the cisterna of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the lumen of the Golgi lamellae, and on the plasma membrane of the nerve cell. In the interstitium of the gland, nerve fibers showing AChE activity were easily found. They were often seen in the perivascular space and between plasma cells. These nerve fibers had varicosities in contact with plasma cells and the endothelium or the smooth muscle fiber of the blood vessels. AChE-positive varicosities or terminals contained many small clear vesicles (about 50nm in diameter) and a few large dense-cored vesicles (about 100 nm in diameter). No contacts of nerve fibers with acinar cells or the ductal epithelium were observed in the present study. Our data indicate that cholinergic nerves play distinct roles in the regulation of the immune function of the chicken Harderian gland.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the chicken Harderian gland. 1021 5

The distribution of four neuroactive substances was studied in the telencephalon of the collared dove using enzyme- and immunohistochemistry. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase and dopamine was similar to that described in other birds. Galanin-immunoreactive fibres were found mainly in the paleostriatum primitivum , the medial part of the parolfactory lobe (LPO) and the lateral septal nucleus; galanin may interfere with acetylcholine activity. Intense gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactivity was found in the neuropil of LPO, the ventral paleostriatum and the caudal archistriatum; further GRP-immunoreactive varicosities were found in the neostriatum and the hyperstriatum ventrale - particularly in its medial part - whereas GRP-immunoreactive cells occurred in the medial neostriatum, the hyperstriatum accessorium and the ventral archistriatum. These data help to define more precisely several functional telencephalic systems, but no indications for specific centers with a role in vocalization were found.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical characterization of forebrain areas in the collared dove (streptopelia decaocto). 1034 45

Histochemical staining techniques for 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were undertaken to localize the lymphatic network and nerve plexus in the monkey urinary bladder. Abundant 5'-Nase-positive lymphatic networks were characterized by increased number of valve-like structures and decreased calibre of blind-ends from the subepithelium to the subserosa. AChE-positive nerve fibers were visible throughout the vesical walls as fine plexuses, the densest being the neuromuscular plexus among the detrusor muscle cells or in each muscle bundle. AChE-positive nerve fibers or terminals were more frequently discernible around blood vessels than around lymphatics, and showed more intimate association with the lymphatics in the muscularis than those in the subepithelium. The nerve terminals in the subepithelium were frequently separated from attenuated lymphatic endothelium by the long processes of fibroblasts or some connective tissue cells. An ultrastructural observation revealed that unmyelinated nerve fibers with numerous neurofilaments and neurotubules run in close apposition to the lymphatic endothelium. Noteworthily, fewer terminal varicosities containing numerous small agranular vesicles (30-50 nm) and mitochondria, partially or completely bare of their Schwann cell covering in the vicinity of the lymphatic endothelium, were found in the subendothelium of initial lymphatics than in collecting ones. These terminals were occasionally identified at a distance of 120-350 nm from the subendothelial aspect of valve-originating roots, although no direct innervation of the vascular muscle cells could be found. A loose fibro-elastic connective tissue was usually interlaced between glial cell covering and lymphatic endothelium. The intrinsic interrelation of the lymphatic wall with the nerve plexus implies that the twisted subendothelial nerve terminals might be involved in intramural lymph drainage of the bladder.
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PMID:Intrinsic interrelation of lymphatic endothelia with nerve elements in the monkey urinary bladder. 1076 Jul 47


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