Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cholinesterase activity and ultrastructural characteristics of the nerves in tubuli seminiferi recti, rete testis and ductuli efferentes testis have been studied in Wistar rats. The tubuli seminiferi recti and rete testis are innervated by a dense network which has varicosities containing different types of synaptic vesicles. The nerve fibres are located between the smooth muscle cells and the fibroblasts, and under the epithelial basement membrane. Inside the ductuli efferentes testis, the nerves form perivascular, subepithelial and muscle plexuses. According to the positive reaction for cholinesterase as well as the characteristics of the synaptic vesicles, these structure have at least a double adrenergic-cholinergic innervation. Our results demonstrate that the nervous fibres in ductuli efferentes testis are more abundant than in tubuli seminiferi recti and rete testis. The role of the vegetative nervous system in the initial segments of the spermatic pathways is discussed.
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PMID:[Microscopic innervation of the spermatic ducts and the testis. III: Tubuli seminiferi recti, rete testis and ductuli efferentes testis]. 261 40

The chicken Harderian gland, the major lacrimal gland, has two major cell populations: a cortical secretory epithelium and a medullary interstitial cell population of lymphoid cells. There is an extensive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) network throughout the gland, as well as catecholamine positive fibers among the interstitial cells. There are substance P-like (SPLI) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like (VIPLI) immunoreactive fibers throughout the gland. These fibers are particularly dense and varicose among the interstitial cells. The adjacent pterygopalatine ganglion complex has neuronal somata that exhibit VIPLI and were AChE-positive. This ganglion complex also contains SPLI and catecholamine-positive fibers. In regions of the ganglion, the somata appear surrounded by SPLI varicosities. Surgical ablation of the ganglion eliminated or reduced the VIPLI, AChE and catecholamine staining in the gland. The SPLI was reduced only in some regions. Ablation of the superior cervical ganglion or severance of the radix autonomica resulted in the loss of catecholamine staining in the pterygopalatine ganglion and the gland. Severance of the ophthalmic or infraorbital nerves had no effect on the VIPLI or the SPLI staining pattern in the gland.
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PMID:Neuropeptides and the innervation of the avian lacrimal gland. 274 5

Morphological characteristics of undifferentiated and differentiated human neuroblastoma cells were studied. Monolayer cultures of a human neuroblastoma, IMR-32 clone, were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium with fetal calf serum in tissue culture dishes with polystyrene film liners. After 48 h, cultures were treated with either mitomycin C and 5-bromodeoxyuridine or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate (cAMP). A third dish was untreated to study as an undifferentiated control. Three days later, all cultures were processed for acetylcholinesterase staining, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and high performance liquid chromatography. Treatment with mitomycin/5-bromodeoxyuridine and PGE1/cAMP inhibited growth as seen by the growth curves and caused morphological differentiation as seen by the extension of long neurites. The treated cells showed increased acetylcholinesterase staining compared to the controls. With the scanning electron microscope, the differentiated cells showed long neurites, processes with beaded varicosities and growth cones. By transmission electron microscopy, these cells contained a large number of neurosecretory granules in their cytoplasm and neurites. Specialized cell contacts were also observed between the treated cells. This is the first study demonstrating that both the treated and control cells of IMR-32 clone contain large quantities of serotonin and comparatively small amounts of norepinephrine and dopamine.
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PMID:Differentiation characteristics of human neuroblastoma cells in the presence of growth modulators and antimitotic drugs. 298 88

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in primary visual areas of adult pigmented ferret was determined with cholinesterase histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. In all visual areas the distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the neuropil closely matches that of choline acetyltransferase. In the cerebral cortex acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase are associated with axons found in every cortical layer and in the white matter. Area 17, identified by Nissl architectonics and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, is distinguished by having a relatively low density of choline acetyltransferase- and acetylcholinesterase-stained axons in layer IV. Certain cortical non-pyramidal cell types show moderate staining for acetylcholinesterase after relatively long incubations, but no choline acetyltransferase-positive cells are observed in the cortex. In the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus the levels of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase are considerably higher than in cerebral cortex, and choline acetyltransferase-stained axons there display prominent varicosities. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the neuropil of lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus of ferret shows marked laminar variation. For instance, in the lateral geniculate nucleus, the levels of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the "On" sublaminae of laminae A and A1 are higher than the "Off" sublaminae. In the superficial layers of the superior colliculus the levels of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase are highest in the stratum zonale and lowest in the stratum opticum; in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus acetylcholinesterase- and choline acetyltransferase-stained fibres are distributed into dense patches. As in cortex, choline acetyltransferase-positive cell bodies are not found in the lateral geniculate nucleus or superior colliculus, and acetylcholinesterase-stained cell bodies are visible only after long incubations. Cell bodies staining positively for choline acetyltransferase are found in a satellite of the superior colliculus, the parabigeminal nucleus.
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PMID:Cholinergic innervation of ferret visual system. 303 24

The histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma remains unknown. Recent studies have suggested a relationship to an unusual form of childhood neural tumor, often termed peripheral neuroepithelioma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Five Ewing's sarcoma tumor cell lines were studied for evidence of a neural phenotype. Under normal culture conditions, no morphologic evidence of neural differentiation was detected. Treatment with retinoic acid, an agent known to induce marked neural differentiation in neuroblastoma, had no demonstrable effect. Treatment with either cyclic AMP or TPA, in contrast, induced pronounced morphologic evidence of neural differentiation. Cells developed elongate processes with varicosities by phase-contrast microscopy; filaments, microtubules, and uraniffin-positive dense core granules were present by electron microscopy. Three neural markers (NSE, NFTP, and cholinesterase) were absent or barely detectable in untreated cells, but became abundant after treatment. These results provide convincing evidence for a neural histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma. They also suggest a close relationship between Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral neural tumors, including the chest wall tumor described by Askin, but only a distant relationship to neuroblastoma.
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PMID:Experimental evidence for a neural origin of Ewing's sarcoma of bone. 303 30

The distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the rat thalamus was investigated by using a specific monoclonal antibody and was compared with the pattern of acetylcholinesterase staining. The only choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive cell bodies in the thalamus were in the medial habenula. A wide range of densities of immunoreactive fibers and varicosities was found. The highest densities of stained varicosities were in the anteroventral, reticular, lateral mediodorsal, and intralaminar nuclei. At the other extreme, the anterodorsal, ventroposteromedial, and paraventricular nuclei were almost devoid of immunoreactive varicosities. A light density of fibers was observed in several medial nuclei, including parataenial, reuniens, and gelatinosus. Most other nuclei contained moderately dense regions of varicose fibers that were often heterogeneous or patchy. The pattern of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the thalamus was in general similar to that of acetylcholinesterase. A marked discrepancy, however, was found in the anterodorsal nucleus, which was intensely stained for acetylcholinesterase but contained no apparent choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity. Numerous physiologic studies have demonstrated striking effects of acetylcholine on thalamic activity. The present study provides a description of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive structures in the thalamic nuclei, providing a first step toward elucidating the anatomical basis for the physiologic and functional importance of cholinergic transmission in the thalamus.
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PMID:Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the rat thalamus. 354 98

The influence of hippocampal target cells on the development of cholinergic septal neurons was studied in rotation-mediated reaggregating cell cultures. Brain cells from 15-day-old mouse embryos were obtained from: septum, containing cholinergic cells which project to the hippocampus; hippocampus which contains target cells for the septal cholinergic neurons; and cerebellum, containing cells which are not targets for the septal cholinergic cells. The cells were then cultured for 3 weeks in a rotary incubator in the following combinations: septal cells alone; hippocampal cells alone; cerebellar cells alone; septal-hippocampal cells together; and septal-cerebellar cells together. After harvesting, fixation, and embedding, 50 micron sections were cut and processed for visualization of acetylcholinesterase activity. Sections from reaggregates containing either hippocampal or cerebellar cells alone contained only a few acetylcholinesterase-positive cells, but no positive fibers. Sections from septal-hippocampal coaggregates revealed a pattern of well-defined, fine-caliber acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers with extensive arborizations and varicosities suggesting axonal proliferation. In septal-cerebellar coaggregates, acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers appeared to be degenerating and distinct areas were observed which were essentially devoid of acetylcholinesterase fibers. In some experiments, either cerebellar or hippocampal cells were labeled with wheatgerm agglutinin-rhodamine prior to culture in order to identify these cells in the resulting reaggregates. Analysis of sections from these studies showed that acetylcholinesterase fibers were excluded from regions of coaggregates containing cerebellar cells, but were present in regions of coaggregates containing hippocampal cells. Finally, cell counts of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in the various combinations revealed that these putative cholinergic neurons were significantly more numerous in septal-hippocampal coaggregates (271 +/- 19 per 10(6) septal cells added) than in septal reaggregates (38 +/- 6 per 10(6) septal cells added) or septal-cerebellar coaggregates (85 +/- 29 per 10(6) septal cells added). These results, taken together, suggest that hippocampal target cells influence the development and survival of cholinergic neurons.
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PMID:Neurotrophic effects of hippocampal target cells on developing septal cholinergic neurons in culture. 361 37

Injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were placed in various striatal loci in the rat. Within the globus pallidus, PHA-L-filled striatofugal axons were seen to approach cholinergic neurons, identified with either acetylcholinesterase histochemistry or choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, and, apparently, to contact the surface of such cells with axonal varicosities. Since these varicosities are thought to mark the sites of synaptic terminals, such juxtapositions provide strong light-microscopic evidence that intrapallidal cholinergic neurons in the rat receive a direct innervation from the striatum and are integrated into the circuitry of the basal ganglia.
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PMID:Light microscopic evidence of striatal input to intrapallidal neurons of cholinergic cell group Ch4 in the rat: a study employing the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). 369 14

The innervation of the diaphragm has been studied by three methods--cobalt tracing of the nerves, demonstration of cholinesterase activity and fluorescence microscopy for catecholamines and VIP. The cobalt method reveals the peripheral nerve fibers with a sharpness similar to that shown at the level of the central nervous system where this method has so far been more widely applied. The cobalt method helps to outline the distribution pattern of the nerve fibers and it can be of particular interest at the level of the viscera in order to show the different sources of the axons. Fibers giving a positive response to cholinesterase staining are shown at the level of the motor end plates and surrounding the blood vessels. It is suggested that the axons of phrenic origin contribute to the motor end plates while those coming from the vagus are distributed along the connective tissue surrounding the vascular system. Noradrenergic innervation is scarce, appearing as fine varicosities around the vascular beds. The VIPergic fibers are probably, together with the cholinergic ones, the most widespread. They are distributed among the muscle fascicules as well as being in close connection with the blood vessels.
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PMID:The autonomic innervation of the rat diaphragm. 394 43

Transcatheter variceal embolization (PTO, TIO) has been performed in 71 cases and splenic artery embolization (SAE) in 22 cases (15 PTO-SAE combination and 7 SAE alone). Results for varices of PTO combined with SAE were better than with PTO alone. Furthermore PTO combined with SAE was found to be reliable even for long term control of bleeding, the longest follow up being almost over 3 years during which time we have had no case of rebleeding. Improvement of Child's criteria was seen to be better in SAE cases (52.4%) than in splenectomized cases (12.5%) and PTO alone (17.4%). Hepaplastin test and level of cholinesterase were used to assess liver function, before and after treatment. It was found that SAE cases improved considerably, in contrast to the splenectomized and control cases which showed little or no improvement. Thus to increase durability for long term control of bleeding and general condition, PTO should be combined with SAE. Furthermore, it is suggested that this combined embolization therapy should be used for nonsurgical treatment of esophageal varices and hypersplenism with liver cirrhosis.
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PMID:[Transcatheter embolization therapy of esophageal varices and hypersplenism with liver cirrhosis]. 408 44


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