Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The anatomical organization of cholinergic markers such as acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and nerve growth factor receptors was investigated in the basal ganglia of the human brain. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive axons and varicosities and their relationship to regional perikarya showed that the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus of the human brain receive widespread cholinergic innervation. Components of the striatum (i.e., the putamen, caudate, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens) displayed the highest density of cholinergic varicosities. The next highest density of cholinergic innervation was detected in the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus. The level of cholinergic innervation was of intermediate density in the globus pallidus and the ventral tegmental area and low in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Immunoreactivity for nerve growth factor receptors (NGFr) was confined to the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and their processes. Axonal immunoreactivity for NGFr was therefore used as a marker for cholinergic projections originating from the basal forebrain (Woolf et al., '89: Neuroscience 30:143-152). Although the vast majority of striatal cholinergic innervation was NGFr-negative and, therefore, intrinsic, the striatum also contained NGFr-positive axons, indicating the existence of an additional cholinergic input from the basal forebrain. This basal forebrain cholinergic innervation was more pronounced in the putamen than in the caudate. The distribution of NGFr-positive axons suggested that the basal forebrain may also project to the globus pallidus but probably not to the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, or red nucleus. The great majority of cholinergic innervation to these latter three structures and to parts of the globus pallidus appeared to come from cholinergic neurons outside the basal forebrain, most of which are probably located in the upper brainstem. These observations indicate that cholinergic neurotransmission originating from multiple sources is likely to play an important role in the diverse motor and behavioral affiliations that have been attributed to the human basal ganglia.
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PMID:Cholinergic innervation of the human striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus. 140 Dec 59

This study was performed to determine the distribution of catecholamine-containing sympathetic nerves on blood vessels of the rat trachea. The glyoxylic acid method was used to visualize catecholamine-containing axons in tracheal whole mounts, and silicone vascular casts were used to elucidate the architecture of the vasculature. We also examined the relationship of these axons to the trachea's plexus of cholinergic nerves and ganglia, using tracheal whole mounts stained for acetylcholinesterase activity. We found that most catecholamine-containing axons were associated with arterioles located between cartilaginous rings or in the posterior membrane. In both regions, catecholamine-containing nerves were most abundant at the origin of terminal arterioles, which supplied the airway mucosa and smooth muscle. At the origin of these vessels, the fluorescent axons changed their orientation from longitudinal to circumferential. Few fluorescent axons were present beyond this region of the terminal arterioles, and none was found on capillaries or venules or on smooth muscle cells of the posterior membrane. Fluorescent axons were present in some tracheal ganglia but non enveloped neuronal cell bodies or had varicosities, and no ganglion cells had glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence. Catecholamine-fluorescence was also present in clusters of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, which were located in the adventitia of the posterior membrane and in the longitudinal nerve trunks which ran the length of the trachea. Pargyline pretreatment increased the fluorescence of axons and SIF cells but did not reveal a different distribution of these structures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Distribution of catecholamine-containing nerves on blood vessels of the rat trachea. 148 17

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase-rich axons was compared to that of choline acetyltransferase-positive (cholinergic) axons in 28 major cytoarchitectonic divisions of the adult human cerebral cortex. Acetylcholinesterase-rich as well as choline acetyltransferase-positive cortical axons contained multiple varicosities. Each type of axon was more densely distributed in limbic-paralimbic regions of the brain. In all the cortical areas that were examined, the two markers displayed laminar and regional distribution patterns that were indistinguishable from each other. A method that allowed the concurrent visualization of both reaction products demonstrated that acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase were colocalized in the same axon. These observations show that there is probably a complete correspondence between choline acetyltransferase-positive and acetylcholinesterase-rich axons and that the acetylcholinesterase reaction can be used as a specific marker for cortical cholinergic axons in the adult human brain.
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PMID:Overlap between acetylcholinesterase-rich and choline acetyltransferase-positive (cholinergic) axons in human cerebral cortex. 152 Nov 37

The distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ENK-LI) in the larynx, the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the nodose ganglion of adult rats was examined in the present study. A substantial number of the local acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive, presumably parasympathetic, ganglionic cells in the larynx displayed ENK-LI. These cells also exhibited neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-LI. Varicose nerve fibers showing ENK-LI were observed close to the acini and ducts of the glands, in the perichondrium and in the lamina propria. The varicosities exhibiting ENK-LI frequently displayed NPY- and VIP-LI. The ENK-LI was detected in a subpopulation of AChE-positive nerve fibers in the laryngeal tissue. In the SCG, only a small number of the ganglionic cells displayed ENK-LI. These cells, in contrast to other ganglionic cells of the SCG, did not show NPY-LI. None of the ganglionic cells of the nodose ganglion exhibited ENK-LI. Sympathectomy and vagotomy affected neither the number nor the distribution of fibers showing ENK-LI in the larynx. In conclusion, ENK appears to be present together with NPY and VIP in the parasympathetic innervation of the larynx and in a very limited number of the ganglionic cells of a sympathetic ganglion, the SCG, of the adult rat.
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PMID:Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in ganglionic cells in the larynx and superior cervical ganglion of the rat. 167 17

The anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG) of the male guinea-pig has been found to consist of three principal components. The presence of a cholinergic component was determined by the demonstration of cytoplasmic and nerve fibre acetylcholinesterase activity. A noradrenergic component was demonstrated by immunoreactivity (IR) of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in neuronal perikarya. The AMPG also had a peptidergic component which may or may not sub-classify the cholinergic and noradrenergic components. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactivities were seen in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres and nerve terminals/varicosities, while somatostatin (SOM)-IR was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Substance P (SP)-IR was present in a dense network of varicose nerve fibres. However, on a rare occasion SP-IR was observed in neuronal perikarya. Enkephalin (ENK)-IR occurred in a sparsely distributed plexus of varicose nerve fibres. The analysis of adjacent serial sections demonstrated distinct patterns of neuropeptide coexistence in AMPG neurons. NPY-IR was colocalised to a subpopulation of TH-IR neuronal perikarya. NPY-IR was also colocalised with VIP-IR in non-TH-IR neuronal perikarya. VIP-IR occurred together with AChE in particular neuronal perikarya. The relationship between immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and immunoreactive nerve terminals was investigated. SP-IR nerve terminals were closely related to neuronal perikarya exhibiting VIP-, NPY-, or TH-IR. TH-IR neuronal perikarya were also abutted by ENK-IR nerve terminals. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were abutted by two nerve terminal types: one immunoreactive for VIP, the other for NPY. DBH-IR neuronal perikarya received AChE-positive varicosities while AChE-positive neurons were abutted by DBH-IR varicose nerve fibres. AChE-positive varicosities were also closely related to neuronal perikarya possessing VIP-IR and AChE activity.
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PMID:Specific patterns of immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the anterior major pelvic ganglion of the male guinea-pig. 168 Aug 42

We have examined the distribution of probable cholinergic nerves in the human adrenal cortex using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. Adrenal tissue was obtained from three subjects during therapeutic radical nephrectomy for renal neoplastic disease. Light microscopy revealed a heterogeneous pattern of cortical innervation, with nerves most abundant in the head and body and largely absent from the tail. There was frequently a subcapsular plexus of interwoven AChE + ve nerve trunks in close relationship to densely stained (ganglion) cells. Nerves also traversed the zona fasciculata in radial trunks and a further plexus with ganglion cells was observed in the zona reticularis. Nerve trunks were seen to penetrate the medulla. Some nerve trunks appeared to terminate or branch or form individual nerve fibres (often with varicosities) which ramified through the cortical parenchyma. In the medulla, a generalised granular staining was superimposed on nerve trunks which were branched and interwoven to form a plexus around ganglion cells. The presence and distribution of AChE + ve nerve plexuses and varicose nerve fibres is suggestive of a functional intrinsic, probably cholinergic, innervation to the human adrenal cortex, perhaps derived from the splanchnic nerves.
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PMID:A preliminary study of acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation in the human adrenal cortex. 171 21

The percentage of splenic blood in portal venous flow (SV%) was measured in 96 patients by using scintiphotosplenoportography and angiography. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, without collateral pathways from the splenic vein; Group 2, with collateral pathways from the splenic vein. SV% was significantly lower in patients without liver diseases or in patients of Group 1 with liver cirrhosis (LC). SV% was significantly higher in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH). A significant correlation was observed between SV% and splenic volume or ICGR15. No significant correlation of SV% was found with etiology of LC in patients of Group 1, esophagogastric varices, Child's criteria, portal venous pressure, cholinesterase, hepaplastin test or prothrombin time. Hence, the local hyperdynamic state of the splenic region was detected in patients with CH, LC and IPH.
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PMID:[Splenic venous hemodynamics in portal hypertension]. 176 33

Magistral arteries of the brain and pia mater have been studied in cats 24-72 h after administration of the cholinesterase inhibitor (phosphacol, 600 mcg/kg). Cholinesterase activity in blood has been checked by means of the potentiometric titration method, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) content in varicosities of the perivascular nervous fibers--cytophotometrically in preparations treated after Karnovsky--Roots histochemical method. Cholinesterase activity of blood homogenates in test animals is 42 +/- 10%, and acetylcholinesterase content in varicosities of the perivascular nervous fibers--23.5 +/- 2.3% in comparison to the norm. Catecholamines in adrenergic nervous elements are revealed treating them with glyoxylic acid. Distribution density (DD) of histochemically active nervous elements is determined, as well as their specific content of the mediator according to luminescent intensity (LI) of varicosities of nervous fibers. The data obtained in intact animals serve as the control. In the experiment DD and LI reach 127 +/- 9% and 154 +/- 15%, respectively, as compared to the control. Signs of the adrenergic nervous apparatus activation in the experiment reflect a compensatory reaction in response to increase of dilatatory cholinergic influences to vessels under conditions of AChE activity.
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PMID:[Reactive changes in adrenergic innervation of the cerebral arteries after activation of the cholinergic mechanisms]. 178 45

A single subcutaneous injection of a sublethal dose of the irreversible organophosphate sarin (0.08 mg/kg) in rats induced a non-Wallerian-type axonal degeneration of the neuromuscular synapse in the slow twitch, soleus muscle. These alterations of the endplate region were more obvious in the soleus than in the fast extensor digitorum longus muscle and were slowly reversible, complete recovery requiring about 10 days. Silver-cholinesterase staining and electrophysiological techniques were used to define the spatiotemporal evolution of prejunctional abnormalities. The non-Wallerian-type axonal degeneration of the neuromuscular synapse was characterized by bead or balloon-like varicosities of the focal, distal, and terminal nerve fibers and a retraction of terminal axons. Axonal degeneration was accompanied by junctional and extrajunctional membrane depolarization and was followed by nerve sprouting at focal, distal, and terminal nerve fibers. Transients similar to miniature endplate potentials were recorded along the muscle fiber at distances of 800-2500 microns away from the parent endplate. New ectopic endings, originating from the same endplate, were discovered adjacent to the terminal axon and also distant from the parent endplate. Very elaborate terminal arborization and occasional multibranching arose from a progressive growth sprout. The new sprouting may have served to compensate for the loss of synaptic contact caused by sarin. Thus the present study demonstrates a direct cytotoxic effect of sarin and indicates that this organophosphate agent may be an important neurotoxicological tool to understand the mechanisms involved in nerve sprouting.
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PMID:Morphological and electrophysiological study of distal motor nerve fiber degeneration and sprouting after irreversible cholinesterase inhibition. 194 71

In combination with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and immunohistochemistry for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were carried out on the intraepithelial nerve fibers of the guinea-pig nasal gland. AChE-positive nerve profiles and VIP-immunoreactive nerve profiles were detected in abundance within the epithelium of the glandular acini and within the epithelium of intralobular excretory ducts including the intercalated and striated ducts. Intraepithelial NPY-immunoreactive nerve profiles were also considerably large in number in the nasal gland, but less frequent than the other two types of nerve profiles; furthermore, the NPY-immunoreactive nerve profiles appeared absent within the epithelium of the striated duct. All the intraepithelial nerve varicosities were in close spatial contact with the epithelial cells of the acinus and the duct and also with the myoepithelial cells, which were commonly seen in the acinus and the intercalated duct. Throughout the present study, however, no membranous specializations could be found between the nerve varicosities and the epithelial cells or the myoepithelial cells. The present results suggest an intense and delicate regulation through the collaboration among ACh, VIP and NPY of the secretory activity of the guinea-pig nasal gland, including the emission of acinar secretions into the duct through contraction of the myoepithelium and modification of the secretion contents by the duct epithelium.
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PMID:An electron microscopic study of acetylcholinesterase-activity and vasoactive intestinal peptide- and neuro-peptide Y-immunoreactivity of the intraepithelial nerve fibers in the nasal gland of the guinea pig. 203 60


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