Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) are the most important pests of wheat in China and usually coexist on the late period of wheat growth. Pirimicarb was introduced into China for wheat aphid control in early 1990s, and differential susceptibilities of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) to pirimicarb have been observed. A bioassay exhibited that Rhopalosiphum padi possessed significantly higher susceptibility to pirimicarb than Sitobion avenae. The addition of synergists DEF, an esterase inhibitor, PBO, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, and DEM, a glutathione S-transferase inhibitor, resulted in apparent reductions in the differential susceptibilities, suggesting the involvement of the above three detoxification enzymes in the differential susceptibility to pirimicarb between Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. A biochemical analysis showed that the activities of carboxylesterases and glutathione S-transferases were significantly higher in Sitobion avenae than in Rhopalosiphum padi, consistent with the results of synergism. Acetylcholinesterase is the target enzyme of pirimicarb and the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to pirimicarb was significantly higher in Rhopalosiphum padi than in Sitobion avenae. The combined results suggest that multiple mechanisms are likely to be responsible for differential susceptibilities to pirimicarb between Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. The results obtained from this study should be helpful in the rational applications of insecticides.
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PMID:Multiple mechanisms responsible for differential susceptibilities of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) to pirimicarb. 1941 13

Malathion toxicity has been related to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and induction of oxidative stress, while zinc has been shown to possess neuroprotective effects in experimental and clinical studies. In the present study the effect of zinc chloride (zinc) was addressed in adult male Wistar rats following a long-term treatment (30 days, 300mg/L in tap water ad libitum) against an acute insult caused by a single malathion exposure (250mg/kg, i.p.). Malathion produced a significant decrease in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase, as well as a decrease in the activity of several hippocampal antioxidant enzymes: glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. The pretreatment with zinc did not completely prevent acetylcholinesterase activity impairment; however, antioxidant activity was completely restored. Zinc administration significantly increased HSP60, but not HSP70, expression. The HSP60 increase suggests a novel zinc-dependent pathway, which may be related to a counteracting mechanism against malathion effects. Based on these results the following hypothesis can be presented: the published "pro-oxidative" effect of malathion may be related, among others, to compromised antioxidant defenses, while the zinc "antioxidant" action may be related to the preservation of antioxidant defenses. In conclusion, our data points to the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes as an important non-cholinergic effect of malathion, which can be rescued by oral zinc treatment.
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PMID:Zinc reverses malathion-induced impairment in antioxidant defenses. 1942 56

The use of a very effective insecticide against sucking pests, neonicotinoid imidacloprid, has been increasing extensively. For this reason elevated concentrations are expected in aquatic environment. Despite this fact, there is still a lack of data available on its possible risk for the environment. In this study, the potential hazards of imidacloprid and its commercial product Confidor SL 200 to aquatic environment were identified by the acute and chronic toxicity assessment using bacteria Vibrio fischeri, algae Desmodesmus subspicatus, crustacean Daphnia magna, fish Danio rerio and the ready biodegradability determination. We found out, that imidacloprid was not highly toxic to tested organisms in comparison to some other environmental pollutants tested in the same experimental set-up. Among the organisms tested, water flea D. magna proved to be the most sensitive species after a short-term (48 h EC50=56.6 mg L(-1)) and long-term exposure (21 d NOEC=1.25 mg L(-1)). On the contrary, the intensified toxicity of Confidor SL 200 in comparison to analytical grade imidacloprid was observed in the case of algae and slight increase of its toxicity was detected testing daphnids and fish. The activities of cholinesterase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase of daphnids were not early biomarkers of exposure to imidacloprid and its commercial product. Imidacloprid was found persistent in water samples and not readily biodegradable in aquatic environment. Due to increased future predicted use of commercial products containing imidacloprid and the findings of this work, we recommend additional toxicity and biodegradability studies of other commercial products with imidacloprid as an active constituent.
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PMID:Hazard identification of imidacloprid to aquatic environment. 1950 10

This field study assessed water quality of Salado River basin by using a set of biomarkers in the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Multiple biomarkers were measured, including morphological indexes (condition factor, liver somatic index), hematological (red and white blood cells) and biochemical (glucose, total protein and cholinesterase activity) parameters. Besides, detoxication and oxidative stress markers (antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation) were measured in liver, gills and kidney. Despite water quality assessment did not show marked differences among sites, biomarkers responses indicate that fish are living under stressful environmental conditions. According to multivariate analysis glucose, glutathione S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation levels and the count of white blood cells are key biomarkers to contribute to discrimination of sites. So, we suggest use those biomarkers in future monitoring of freshwater aquatic systems.
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PMID:Multiple biomarkers responses in Prochilodus lineatus allowed assessing changes in the water quality of Salado River basin (Santa Fe, Argentina). 1958 32

We studied the effects of combined exposure to arsenic and fluoride on (i) brain biogenic amines, oxidative stress and its correlation with glutathione and linked enzymes; (ii) alterations in the structural integrity of DNA; and (iii) brain and blood arsenic and fluoride levels. Efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in reducing these changes was also determined. Male mice were exposed to sodium meta arsenite (50 ppm) and sodium fluoride (50 ppm) individually and in combination for ten weeks. Animals were given vitamin E supplementation (5 mg/kg, i.m., alternate days) throughout the experiment. Exposure to arsenic and fluoride significantly decreased the levels of brain biogenic amines. However; acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities showed an increase on fluoride exposure. There was also an increase in reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive species level, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities and decreased superoxide dismutase activity, GSH:GSSG ratio, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Combined exposure to these toxicants produced more pronounced effects on AChE, MAO, SOD and catalase activities. Infrared spectra showed less toxicity during combined exposure as the characteristic peaks of cytosine and alpha-helical structure of DNA were observed in normal and arsenic plus fluoride-exposed animals. Vitamin E reduced brain fluoride level and tissue oxidative stress but had no effect on arsenic. Combined exposure to arsenic and fluoride does not necessarily lead to more pronounced toxicity and interestingly exhibit some antagonistic effects. Vitamin E supplementation may be of added value in reverting some of the toxic effects.
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PMID:Co-exposure to arsenic and fluoride on oxidative stress, glutathione linked enzymes, biogenic amines and DNA damage in mouse brain. 1963 23

The Alagados Reservoir (Brazil) is an important source for the supply of water, recreation and fishery. Since 2002, the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms (paralytic shellfish toxins - PST producers) have been noted. This study was aimed at the monitoring of PST occurrence in the Reservoir's water and fish. Biomarkers such as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities, lipoperoxidation (LPO), histopathology, and comet assay were analyzed in fish. Water and fish were sampled in spring, summer and autumn. The PST concentrations in water were 5.15, 43.84, and 50.78 ng equiv Saxitoxin/L in the spring, summer and autumn, respectively. The PST muscle concentration was below the limit for shellfish. Gonyautoxins (GTX) were found in water samples and fish muscle, and GTX 5 was the major analogous found in muscle. In the summer samples, the LPO, genetic damage, and the GST and AchE activities increased while in the autumn an increase in EROD activity and genetic damage were observed. In all samplings, histopathological alterations in the fish gills and liver were found. The results showed a seasonal variation in the fishes health, which could be related also to farming activities and to the contaminants bioavailability during the year.
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PMID:Analyses of paralytic shellfish toxins and biomarkers in a southern Brazilian reservoir. 1977 50

Erythrocytes are a convenient model to understand the membrane oxidative damage induced by various xenobiotic pro-oxidants. This study was designed to investigate the possibility of methomyl (Lannate 90% SP), S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate, to induce oxidative stress response in rat erythrocytes in vitro. Erythrocytes were incubated for 4 hours at 37 degrees C with different concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM) of methomyl. The results showed that methomyl decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and increased level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as the percentage of haemolysis. The response occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The study suggested that methomyl has the capability to induce oxidative damage as evidenced by increasing LPO and perturbations in various antioxidant enzymes.
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PMID:Effects of methomyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat erythrocytes: in vitro studies. 1982 63

Environmental risk assessments of human pharmaceuticals and other 'emerging contaminants' should integrate both population-relevant endpoints and biomarkers of potential modes of action in a range of species. Adult Mytilus galloprovincialis were exposed to the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol or to the anti-inflammatory drug acetaminophen (paracetamol), both commonly used therapeutic drugs present in aquatic ecosystems. Mussels were exposed under semi-static conditions for 10 days to either acetaminophen (CAS number 103-90-2; mean measured concentrations 23 and 403 microg/L) or propranolol hydrochloride (CAS number 318-98-9; mean measured propranolol concentrations 11 and 147 microg/L) at 15 +/- 1 degrees C sea water. Feeding rate was assessed as an indicator of general toxicity. For propranolol, the 10-day no-observed effect concentration ((feeding rate)NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration ((feeding rate)LOEC) were 11 and 147 microg/L, respectively. For acetaminophen, feeding rate was increased at both 23 and 403 microg/L, suggesting a 10-day (feeding rate)NOEC of 403 microg/L. Primarily, phase I carboxylesterase (CbE), phase II glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the anti-oxidant catalase activities were evaluated in digestive gland. Gill GST and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were also measured. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were measured in both tissues to assess oxidative stress. Some enzymatic activities in liver were also reduced after propranolol exposure whilst acetaminophen enhanced them (CbE p < 0.05). Acetaminophen exposure significantly increased hepatic LPO levels and inhibited AChE activity in gill (10-day NOEC and LOEC of 23 and 403 microg/L, respectively), whereas propranolol (11 microg/L) enhanced gill GST.
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PMID:Effects on feeding rate and biomarker responses of marine mussels experimentally exposed to propranolol and acetaminophen. 1983 84

We analyzed the effects of UV radiation (UVR) effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in two calanoid copepods, Boeckella gibbosa and Parabroteas sarsi that inhabit Patagonian shallow lakes. We studied the effect of experimental UVR (UV-B and UV-A) exposure on AChE activity in relation to basal antioxidant capacities of both copepods. Our experiments showed that UVR can effectively depress AChE activity, although with differences between species. In both copepods AChE was affected by UV-B, whereas UV-A only affected AChE in B. gibbosa. Both copepods also differed in body elemental composition (C:N:P), photoprotecting compound content (carotenoids and mycosporine-like amino acids) and enzymatic antioxidant capacity (glutathione S-transferase [GST]). Our results suggest that when exposed to UVR, AChE activity would depend more on the antioxidant capacity (GST) and P availability for enzyme synthesis than on the photoprotective compounds.
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PMID:Effect of ultraviolet radiation on acetylcholinesterase activity in freshwater copepods. 2000 73

The interactive effects of mixed pollutants in sewage wastewater on biomarker responses were investigated using wild male African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 58 fish were used, of which 21 were from Mindu dam (reference site) and 22, 9 and 10 from Mafisa, Mazimbu and Mzumbe sewage ponds, respectively. Liver somatic index (LSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were significantly greater (two- to threefold) and (five- to sixfold), respectively, in fish from all sewage ponds. Haemoglobin concentration and gill filament 7-ethoxyresurufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities were significantly higher (1.2-fold and twofold, respectively) in fish from Mzumbe sewage ponds than in fish from Mindu dam, whereas liver EROD activity was significantly higher in fish from Mzumbe and Mafisa sewage ponds (5-fold). A HPLC method for determination of enzymatically formed p-nitrophenyl-glucuronide (PNPG) was developed and applied to measure UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) activities that was significantly higher in fish from all sewage ponds (2-2.5-fold) than in fish from Mindu dam. Kinetic characteristics and assay dependence of UGT were studied with microsomal preparations. Metallothionein (MT) content was significantly lower (three- to fourfold) in fish from sewage ponds than in fish from Mindu dam, and corresponded with cumulative levels of cadmium, lead and mercury. Condition factor, vitellogenin (Vtg), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in plasma, eyes and brain, haematocrit, plasma protein and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were comparable in fish from sewage ponds and Mindu dam. Although specific pollutants other than the metals were not identified by chemical analysis, application of a suite of biomarkers in C. gariepinus demonstrated that all sewage ponds were contaminated by pollutants of public health concern.
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PMID:Assessment of pollution in sewage ponds using biomarker responses in wild African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Tanzania. 2001 87


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