Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four hundred twenty-two cancer patients who underwent major surgery were studied. At admission, nutritional status was evaluated in all patients by assessing serum albumin (SA), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), total lymphocyte count (TLC), serum cholinesterase activity (CHE), and weight loss (WL). All patients received perioperative short-term antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative total parenteral nutrition. Prognostic ability of nutritional indicators was assessed by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area beneath the ROC curve (Az) is an index of predictor performance when its value ranges from 0.5 (chance performance) to 1 (perfect prediction). Specificity, sensitivity, Youden index, and predictive values were determined for each nutritional parameter within a wide range of potential threshold values. Postoperative septic complications were observed in 85 (20.14%) patients. The Az values for the considered nutritional parameters ranged from 0.52 to 0.57 and that showed the low predictive ability of the parameters. When sensitivity and specificity for each nutritional parameter were examined at different thresholds, a clearly more predictive cutpoint was not observed, but ranges of values with a similar predictivity were observed. Significant ranges of predictivity were found for SA (33 to 35 g/L), for TIBC (2200 to 2300 micrograms/L), for TLC (2100 to 2200 million/L), for CHE (1700 to 1900 U/L), and for WL (7% to 12%). The higher values of Youden index were as follows: 1.183 for WL (cutoff 11%), 1.150 for TLC (cutoff 2100 million/L), and 1.145 for SA (cutoff 35 g/L). In conclusion, ROC curve analysis showed that the nutritional parameters had a low predictive ability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Evaluation of the predictive performance of nutritional indicators by receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. 149 23

Hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) is the rate-limiting step in the termination of cholinergic signaling at neuromuscular junctions. A growing body of evidence suggests that these enzymes also play a role in tumorigenesis. The ACHE and BCHE genes are amplified, mutated, and/or aberrantly expressed in a variety of human tumor types. These changes could be the result of chromosome breakage, since there is an unusually high frequency of chromosomal abnormalities near the map positions of these genes (3q26-ter and 11p-ter, respectively) in such tumors, particularly hemopoietic malignancies. Both ACHE and BCHE contain the consensus peptide motif S/T-P-X-Z, which is found in many substrates of cdc2-related protein kinases. Here we consider the intriguing possibility that phosphorylation by cdc2-related kinases may be the molecular mechanism linking cholinesterases with tumor cell proliferation. We also discuss the notion that inhibition of these enzymes by commonly used organophosphorous poisons may be tumorigenic in humans.
Cancer Cells 1991 Dec
PMID:A role for cholinesterases in tumorigenesis? 182 94

Dichlorvos (dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphoric acid ester) is a cholinesterase inhibitor used widely as a contact and stomach insecticide for control of internal and external parasites. Carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering dichlorvos in corn oil by gavage 5 times a week for 103 weeks to groups of 50 male and 50 female Fischer rats at 0, 4, or 8 mg/kg body weight, to groups of 50 male B6C3F1 mice at 0, 10, or 20 mg/kg, and to groups of 50 female B6C3F1 mice at 0, 20, or 40 mg/kg. During the course of the studies, body weights and survival rates of the male and female rats and mice were not different from those of their respective controls; females of both species appeared to gain more weight than controls. Neoplasms induced by dichlorvos included adenomas of the exocrine pancreas (male rats), mononuclear cell leukemia (male rats), and squamous cell papilloma of the forestomach (male and female mice; two other female mice had squamous cell carcinomas). Lesions observed in female rats that may have been due to dichlorvos administration included adenomas of the exocrine pancreas and fibroadenomas of the mammary gland. The results demonstrated that dichlorvos is carcinogenic for Fischer rats and B6C3F1 mice.
Jpn J Cancer Res 1991 Feb
PMID:Carcinogenesis studies of dichlorvos in Fischer rats and B6C3F1 mice. 190 Aug 19

We have tested the ability of various compounds to raise intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and, either alone or in combination with retinoic acid (RA), to promote differentiation of two "RA-resistant" sublines of LA-N-5 human neuroblastoma cells, designated LA-N-5HP and LA-N-5R9. Direct activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin and cholera toxin increased intracellular cAMP levels over 10-fold in both cell lines after 1 h of treatment, after which the levels slowly declined for the next 16 to 24 h. After 5 days of continuous treatment, cAMP levels still remained 2- to 7-fold elevated above controls and were accompanied by a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in neurite outgrowth. All these effects were exaggerated when the agents were combined with phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitors. Increasing cAMP levels (up to 24-fold) with N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) or 8-bromo-cAMP also resulted in decreased proliferation and an increase in morphological differentiation. Isoproterenol and epinephrine did not alter cAMP levels and had no discernible biological effects. Of the agents that raised cAMP levels, only dbcAMP caused an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. This effect was duplicated with sodium butyrate and prostaglandin E1 in the absence of an increase in cAMP. RA promoted differentiation but also had little effect on cAMP levels. Combination treatment of cells with RA plus agents that raised cAMP levels resulted in greater degrees of differentiation than seen with single agent treatments. We conclude that: (a) the cAMP synthetic and degradative pathways are functional in LA-N-5HP and LA-N-5R9 cells; (b) elevation of cAMP is sufficient for inhibiting proliferation and promoting neurite outgrowth from these cells, but is not a necessary condition for inducing differentiation; and (c) elevation of intracellular cAMP potentiates the differentiation-inducing activity of RA.
Cancer Res 1990 Feb 01
PMID:Modulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels and the differentiation response of human neuroblastoma cells. 215 44

To study the molecular origin of the altered regulation of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in nervous system tumors, BuChE complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences from human glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cDNA libraries were compared with BuChE cDNAs from normal fetal and adult tissues. A single 2.6-kilobase BuChE cDNA sequence was found in all normal tissues, whereas an additional alternatively terminated BuChE cDNA clone was found in both tumor libraries. The tumor-specific cDNA contained a 3',0.7-kilobase nontranslatable extension, as well as several nucleotide alterations in the normal polyadenylation site. Single-base mutations in the coding region of this unusual BuChE cDNA infer two amino acid substitutions: Asp70----Gly and Ser425----Pro. The Asp70----Gly change has recently been implicated with "atypical" BuChE, which is deficient in its capacity to hydrolyze succinylcholine. The 3.6-kilobase mRNA was less abundant in RNA blot hybridization than the 2.6-kilobase mRNA, which is in agreement with the low ratios between the 3.6- and 2.6-kilobase BuChE cDNA clones in glioblastoma and neuroblastoma libraries. Furthermore, size fractionation and microinjection of glioblastoma polyadenylated RNA, followed by enzyme activity and selective inhibition measurements, demonstrated two peaks of functional BuChE mRNA, the heavier one probably reflecting the longer transcripts. Chromosomal mapping of the 0.7-kilobase 3' fragment by in situ hybridization localized it to a unique 3q26-ter position, where we recently found an inheritably amplified "silent" defective CHE gene in a family exposed to the cholinesterase inhibitor methyl parathion. Our findings confirm previous genetic linkage mapping of the functional CHE gene to the 3q26-ter position and demonstrate that extended functional mRNA transcripts encoding a BuChE form with two modified amino acids are produced from this gene in glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cells.
Cancer Res 1990 Apr 01
PMID:Expression of alternatively terminated unusual human butyrylcholinesterase messenger RNA transcripts, mapping to chromosome 3q26-ter, in nervous system tumors. 231 87

In this review, some common food plants and their toxic or otherwise bioactive components and mycotoxin contaminants have been considered. Crucifers contain naturally occurring components that are goitrogenic, resulting from the combined action of allyl isothiocyanate, goitrin, and thiocyanate. Although crucifers may provide some protection from cancer when taken prior to a carcinogen, when taken after a carcinogen they act as promoters of carcinogenesis. The acid-condensed mixture of indole-3-carbinol (a component of crucifers) binds to the TCDD receptor and causes responses similar to those of TCDD. Herbs contain many biologically active components, with more than 20% of the commercially prepared human drugs coming from these plants. Onion and garlic juices can help to prevent the rise of serum cholesterol. Most herbs used in treatments may have many natural constituents that act oppositely from their intended use. Some herbs like Bishop's week seed contain carcinogens, and many contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can cause cirrhosis of the liver. The general phytoalexin response in plants (including potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, celery, and sweet potatoes) induced by external stimuli can increase the concentrations of toxic chemical constituents in those plants. In potatoes, two major indigenous compounds are alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine, which are human plasma cholinesterase inhibitors and teratogens in animals. Because of its toxicity, the potato variety Lenape was withdrawn from the market. Celery, parsley, and parsnips contain the linear furanocoumarin phytoalexins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin that can cause photosensitization and also are photomutagenic and photocarcinogenic. Celery field workers and handlers continually have photosensitization problems as a result of these indigenous celery furanocoumarins. A new celery cultivar (a result of plant breeding to produce a more pest-resistant variety) was responsible for significant incidences of phytophotodermatitis of grocery employees. Since there is no regulatory agency or body designated to oversee potential toxicological issues associated with naturally occurring toxicants, photodermatitis continues to occur from celery exposure. Sweet potatoes contain phytoalexins that can cause lung edema and are hepatotoxic to mice. At least one of these, 4-ipomeanol, can cause extensive lung clara cell necrosis and can increase the severity of pneumonia in mice. Some phytoalexins in sweet potatoes are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic to mice. The common mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains benzyl alcohol as its most abundant volatile, and A. bisporus and Gyromitra esculenta both contain hydrazine analogues. Mycotoxins are found in corn, cottonseed, fruits, grains, grain sorghums, and nuts (especially peanuts); therefore, they also occur in apple juice, bread, peanut butter, and other products made from contaminated starting materials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Natural pesticides and bioactive components in foods. 240 25

The histogenesis of alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) has been investigated since its description. Twenty ASPS cases were analyzed for immunohistochemical content, with emphasis directed toward the paraganglial, Schwann cell, and muscle theories of histogenesis. In addition, the cases were examined for possible prognostic clinical features. The clinical characteristics of the patients were similar to those reported previously concerning average age (23 years); male:female ratio (1:1); and predominant primary site (lower extremity, nine cases). Despite a local recurrence rate of 20% and a metastatic rate of 68% (including four at presentation), the natural history was often indolent and relapse commonly occurred very late. The average follow-up period was 10.1 years. While the overall 5-year survival was 67%, only seven of 18 patients were alive without disease at last follow-up (1.7-32 years), and one patient died of tumor after a 28-year disease-free interval. Neither tumor size nor site appeared to affect prognosis. The tumors were analyzed immunohistochemically for neurofilament, S-100 protein, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, acetylcholinesterase, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, Factor VIII-related antigen, serotonin, lysozyme, neuron-specific enolase, myoglobin, cytokeratins, desmin, and vimentin. Except for weak vimentin immunoreactivity, no other antigenic expression was detected despite multiple repeated experiments with several antibodies. S-100 protein which is present in virtually all granular cell tumors was absent in the cases of ASPS. The lack of detectable expression of neurofilament, met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin, and neuron-specific enolase is interpreted as evidence against the paraganglial theory of histogenesis. Similarly, the repeated absence of the muscle proteins, desmin and myoglobin, in contrast to a previous report, is interpreted as evidence against a myogenic origin.
Cancer 1987 Jul 01
PMID:Alveolar soft part sarcoma. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. 243 29

Biochemical analyses of sera from 27 patients with anorexia nervosa were performed and compared with those of normal female volunteers and other anorectic groups including patients who had undergone digestive tract surgery and patients with malignancies. There were significant increases in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, cholesterol, and amylase activity and significant decreases in total serum protein, blood sugar, albumin, globulins, and cholinesterase in anorexia nervosa patients compared with normal control subjects. At discharge, these values slightly improved. Similar alterations were also observed in two other anorectic groups. Compared with anorexia nervosa patients, the two other anorectic groups showed a severe reduction in the albumin level and increase in the globulin level. In two other anorectic groups cholesterol levels were lower, and in the malignancy group cholinesterase level was lower than in the anorexia nervosa patients. In anorexia nervosa patients, biochemical abnormalities in the serum were more frequent in total serum protein (93%), blood sugar (85%), and globulins (78%) than in other serum factors, such as blood urea nitrogen (15%), uric acid (15%), and alkaline phosphatase (7%). These results suggest that detection of biochemical abnormalities in the above-mentioned serum factors in routine analyses would be valuable in making an early diagnosis of anorexia nervosa from various anorectic disorders.
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PMID:Biochemical abnormalities of the serum in anorexia nervosa. 245 69

The paper critically analyzes available data on the nutritional and metabolic effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and enteral nutrition (EN) in cachectic cancer patients. Only papers dealing with adult cancer patients and providing data regarding type of tumor, duration of the nutritional support, and administration rate of calories and amino acids, validated by statistical analysis of the results, are included. The main conclusions are the following: (1) No nutritional variable worsened in cancer patients receiving TPN or EN, in conditions in which progressive deterioration of the nutritional status is the rule. (2) The nutritional variables improved by TPN and EN were body weight, fat mass, and some indicators of lean body mass (nitrogen balance and whole body potassium). Thyroxin-binding prealbumin and retinol-binding protein increased only with TPN, whereas some immunologic indexes (complement factors and lymphocytes) improved only with EN. (3) The daily regimens which improved lean body mass and visceral proteins ranged from 35 to 55 kcal/kg and from 1.2 to 2.0 g of amino acids/kg for TPN; for EN it was 35 kcal/kg and 1.3 g of amino acids/kg. However, the enteral regimen capable of improving some immune responses included at least 42 kcal/kg and 2.3 g of amino acids/kg. (4) Only three randomized studies were performed to compare TPN and EN, and conflicting results were obtained. Only TPN showed some significant advantages with regard to weight gain, nitrogen balance, maintenance of serum albumin levels and some mineral balances. However, the advantage of TPN was not clear enough to recommend its indiscriminate use. The choice between TPN and EN should always consider the functionality of the GI tract, the need for hospitalization to start a TPN regimen, and the higher cost of intravenous feeding. (5) When comparing TPN to a standard oral diet, the following variables improved with the nutritional support: body weight, nitrogen balance, 3-methylhistidine, urinary excretion, and serum levels of transferrin, cholinesterase, thyroxin-binding prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein. (6) When comparing TPN with glucose vs TPN with glucose-lipids, no major difference was found with regard to most nutritional variables. In conclusion, nutritional support alone probably has a small role in managing a limited number of advanced cancer patients dying primarily because of malnutrition or mainly suffering from nutritional deterioration. It can also have a "permissive" role in those patients potentially candidate to an oncologic treatment which cannot be delivered because of a poor nutritional status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of artificial nutrition on the nutritional status of cancer patients. 250 78

Insulin-like growth factor II is secreted primarily by the liver and is reported to be transcribed in many primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) cell lines. We have studied diagnostic significance of serum IGF-II in chronic liver diseases using specific enzyme immunoassay. Serum IGF-II levels (mean +/- SE) were decreased in chronic hepatitis (538 +/- 51 ng/ml; N = 29), liver cirrhosis (427 +/- 45; 50) and PHC (260 +/- 41; 17) compared to controls (830 +/- 49; 57). Serum IGF-II was not different from controls in any of nonhepatic diseases such as diabetes (1032 +/- 97; 19) pancreatic cancer (1413 +/- 282; 8), chronic pancreatitis (999 +/- 126; 17), peptic ulcer (1186 +/- 43; 11), irritable bowel syndrome (1002 +/- 109; 12), gastrointestinal tract cancer (1250 +/- 216; 21) and chronic renal failure (733 +/- 135; 14). In liver diseases serum IGF-II showed a significant correlation with liver function test (negative with retention of indocyanine green and total bile acids; positive with albumin, thrombo-test, and cholinesterase). These results suggest that serum IGF-II reflects a reduced production of IGF-II in the liver and that it can be an index for the residual capacity of liver function.
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PMID:Serum insulin-like growth factor II in chronic liver disease. 253 15


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