Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase)
 28,390 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this investigation we have combined the methods of ultrastructural demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity with electron microscopic autoradiography for the demonstration of norepinephrine uptake. The results show electron-dense deposits indicative of acetylcholinesterase activity associated with perivascular axons overlaid by concentrations of silver grains representing exogenous tritiated norepinephrine. Forty-five percent of the intervaricose regions and 19% of the varicosities overlaid by autoradiographic grains showed "moderate" amounts of cholinesterase staining. A greater proportion of autoradiographic grains was observed on the varicosities than in the intervaricose regions; however, the amount of acetylcholinesterase activity was greater in the intervaricose regions than in the varicosities. This investigation provides evidence for the presence of periaxonal acetylcholinesterase staining in adrenergic axons in the rat kidney.
Anat Rec 1983 Feb
PMID:Simultaneous ultrastructural visualization of acetylcholinesterase activity and tritiated norepinephrine uptake in renal nerves. 684 69

The innervation of rat antral gastrin-producing cells (G-cells) was studied by light and electron microscopy. Combination of histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase and immunofluorescence for gastrin in the same tissue section showed apparent contact between some of the G-cells and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves. Electron microscopic observation, however, revealed gaps of 200-500 nm or more between the G-cells and the closest nerve axons which often contained large dense-cored vesicles. The latter may represent the storage sites for neuropeptides previously localized by immunohistochemistry in gastric nerves.
Anat Rec 1981 Jul
PMID:Innervation of rat antral gastrin-producing cells. 702 79

Histochemical reactions which demonstrate cholinesterase reactions in tissues were used for slides of serial frozen sections of hearts of pigs, dogs, and rats to determine whether there are special types of modified muscle cells in continuous pathways from the SA (sinoatrial) to the AV (atrioventricular) node. There were positive reactions for acetylcholinesterase with less reaction for butyryl cholinesterase in ganglion cells and nerve fibers. No continuous pathways of cholinesterase-reacting cardiac muscle fibers from the SA to the AV node were identified although the muscle fibers were in intimate relation with the nerve fibers. No cells of Purkinje type were demonstrated in the atria.
Anat Rec 1981 Sep
PMID:A restudy of cardiac conduction pathways by techniques for visualization of cholinesterase reaction. 703 Jan 46

Lamprey, Entosphenus japonicus, cerebral blood vessel autonomic nerve supply was studied with fluorescence and cholinesterase histochemistry and electron microscopy. Nerve fibers emitting a yellow fluorescence characteristic of serotonin (Exc./Em. max.; 380/530 nm) were found on the major cerebral and pial arteries, but not acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive ones. Single ganglion cells also emitting a strong yellow fluorescence were seen in the artery adventitia. On rare occasions these cells were observed in pairs. Terminal varicosities of central catecholamine-containing nerves (Exc./Em. max.; 410/475 nm) were observed on parenchymal capillaries, but not central AChE-positive nerve terminals. In ganglion cells, dense cored vesicles (ca. 130 nm in average diameter; DCV) were abundant in the Golgi area, suggesting their formation at this site. Two types of DCV were observed; one with a homogeneous dense core and the other with a granular core. DCV were numerous in axons as well, axons in which many small clear vesicles (40--60 nm in diameter) as well as DCV were occasionally observed. The question of whether the small clear vesicles or the DCV contained serotonin could not be resolved.
Anat Rec 1980 Dec
PMID:A histochemical and ultrastructural study of serotonin-containing nerves in cerebral blood vessels of the lamprey. 721 16

Cutting the suspensory ligament reduced the ovarian content of norepinephrine (NE) to less than half that of controls and only a few blood vessels had perivascular fibers and an occasional nerve remained in the interstitial gland. Cutting the ovarian plexus had a less drastic, but similar effect on the ovarian content of NE and on the pattern of ovarian adrenergic nerves. Cutting both the suspensory ligament and ovarian plexus eliminated visualization of ovarian adrenergic nerves, but some ovarian NE was still measurable. Fluorescence and electron microscopic studies of the suspensory ligament revealed a large adrenergic nerve embedded in smooth muscle of the ligament. The nerve was also acetylcholinesterase-positive. Cutting the celiac plexus or incising a small nerve lateral to the plexus and medial to the origin of the suspensory ligament, had the same effect on the ovarian adrenergic nerves as cutting the suspensory ligament. It is concluded that the extrinsic adrenergic nerves to the rat ovary reach the organ by two routes: one via the nerve in the suspensory ligament (superior ovarian nerve), and one via the traditionally described ovarian plexus along the ovarian artery.
Anat Rec 1980 Jan
PMID:The origin of the extrinsic adrenergic innervation to the rat ovary. 741 1

The autonomic innervation of smooth muscle in fresh biopsy specimens of the human urinary bladder, bladder neck and urethra has been examined using specific neurohistochemical techniques. Acetylcholinesterase-containing nerve fibers have been demonstrated amongst the smooth muscle cells in all the biopsy samples. Enzyme-positive fibers formed a plexus, the density of which varied dependent upon the region from which the biopsy material was obtained. Catecholamine (noradrenaline)-containing autonomic nerve fibers were observed amongst smooth muscle cells of the vesico-urethra junction; other than for perivascular nerve plexuses. Noradrenergic fibers were absent from biopsy samples of other regions. Juxtamural, acetylcholinesterase-positive neurones were present in some samples, and a proportion of these cell bodies were closely related to noradrenergic nerve terminal regions. These findings are discussed in relation to those of other workers who have examined the innervation of the mammalian lower urinary tract.
Anat Rec 1980 Nov
PMID:The autonomic innervation of the human urinary bladder, bladder neck and urethra: a histochemical study. 745 37

The horse provides an interesting model for study of the structure and function of the mammalian diaphragm. Multiple regions of diaphragm from seven adult horses were prepared for histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, myosin heavy chain electrophoresis, and native myosin electrophoresis. Two additional adults were dissected to demonstrate myofiber and central tendon morphology and stained for acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate motor endplates. All regions of the adult diaphragm were histochemically characterized by a preponderance of type I fibers with some type IIa fibers. Type IIb fibers were absent in all adult specimens. Myosin heavy chain electrophoresis supported the histochemical study: two isoform bands were present on SDS gels that comigrated at the same rate as rat type I and IIa myosin heavy chain isoforms. No isoform was determined to comigrate with rat type IIb heavy chain isoforms. Native myosin isoform analysis revealed two isoforms that comigrated with rat FM-4 and FM-3 (FM = fast myosin) and two isoforms that comigrated with rat SM-1 and SM-2 (SM = slow myosin) isoforms. In some samples, a third slow native myosin isoform was observed that comigrated at the same rate as the SM-3 of the equine biceps brachii muscle. This doublet (or "triplet") of slow isoforms is unique to some horse muscles compared with other adult animals studied. It is not known if these multiple slow native myosin isoforms confer some functional advantage to the equine muscles. The adult equine diaphragm also differs in its morphology by having a large central tendon compared to that in other mammals, and is predominantly slow in fiber type and myosin isoform composition.
Anat Rec 1994 Mar
PMID:Morphological, histochemical, and myosin isoform analysis of the diaphragm of adult horses, Equus caballus. 817 13

The mechanosensory hair cells of the utricle and semicircular canals of the trout inner ear are morphologically similar to type II hair cells of the avian and mammalian vestibular end organs. These cells are innervated by two types of nerve terminals. The nonvesiculated terminals are considered to be afferent, and the vesiculated endings are presumed to be efferent. The presumptive efferent endings contain numerous clear, round vesicles and a few that are dense-cored. Histocytochemical, electron microscopic analysis has localized acetylcholinesterase activity to plasma membranes of vesiculated, presumptive efferent nerve terminals in sensory epithelia of the utricle and semicircular canals. No reaction product was observed at the receptoneural synapse or found in nonvesiculated, presumptive afferent endings. Control specimens incubated in the presence of eserine sulfate, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, were devoid of reaction product. These results support the tenet that vesiculated nerve endings in the sensory epithelia of the utricle and semicircular canals of the trout are cholinergic.
Anat Rec 1993 Sep
PMID:Acetylcholinesterase activity is associated with efferent endings in the sensory epithelia of the utricle and semicircular canals of the rainbow trout inner ear. 821 39

Previous reports demonstrated that mammalian atrioventricular (AV) valves possess a dense nerve plexus, consisting of nerve subpopulations which differ from each other in densities and patterns of distribution in the valves, and which may have sensory or motor roles in valve function. Although there is extensive evidence that age-related changes occur in autonomic nerves of animals and humans (Daly et al. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1988;245(3):798-803; Ingall et al. Aust. NZ J. Med., 1990;20:570-577; Tumer et al. Exp. Gerontol., 1992;27:301-307), and that these changes contribute to changes in cardiac function (Klausner and Schwartz Clin. Geriat. Med., 1985;1(1):119-114), there is little information about age-related changes in heart valve innervation. In this study, we used acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry to localize and compare qualitative and quantitative changes in the innervation of the mitral valves in young adult and aged animals of three species. Young adult and aged guinea pigs, mice, and Wistar and Fischer 344 rats were anesthetized with Nembutal, the hearts removed, and the mitral valves dissected out and processed for AChE localization. Camera lucida drawings of the AChE-positive nerves in representative segments of valve cusps were made directly from slides; these drawings were digitized and subjected to computer-assisted image analysis to obtain quantitative information about nerve plexus density in the valves. All three animal species showed profuse AChE-positive innervation in the mitral valves of young adult animals, and decreases in the density of this innervation in aged animals. The most striking loss of innervation, compared to the young adult, occurred in the mitral valves of aged Fischer 344 rats, in which large regions of the valves appeared virtually devoid of nerves. Further studies are needed to investigate whether and to what extent age-related losses in heart valve innervation affect valvular structure and function.
Anat Rec 1999 07 01
PMID:Innervation of the mitral valve is strikingly depleted with age. 1041 93

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the topography and architecture of the intrinsic neural plexus (INP) in the canine right atrium because of its importance for selective denervation of the sinoatrial node (SAN). The morphology of the intrinsic INP was revealed by a histochemical method for acetylcholinesterase in whole hearts of 36 mongrel dogs and examined by stereoscopic, contact, and electron microscopes. At the hilum of the heart, nerves forming a right atrial INP were detected in five sites adjacent to the right superior pulmonary veins and superior vena cava (SVC). Nerves entered the epicardium and formed a INP, the ganglia of which, as a wide ganglionated field, were continuously distributed on the sides of the root of the SVC (RSVC). The epicardiac ganglia located on the RSVC were differentially involved in the innervation of the sinoatrial node, as revealed by epicardiac nerves emanating from its lower ganglia that proceed also into the atrial walls and right auricle. The INP on the RSVC (INP-RSVC) varied from animal to animal and in relation to the age of the animal. The INP-RSVC of juvenile dogs contained more small ganglia than that of adult animals. Generally, the canine INP-RSVC included 434+/-29 small, 17+/-4 medium-sized, and 3+/-1 large epicardiac ganglia that contained an estimated 44,700, 6,400, and 2,800 neurons, respectively. Therefore, the canine right atrium, including the SAN, may be innervated by more than 54,000 intracardiac neurons residing mostly in the INP-RSVC. In conclusion, the present study indicates that epicardiac ganglia that project to the SA-node are distributed more widely and are more abundant than was previously thought. Therefore, both selective and total denervation of the canine SAN should involve the whole region of the RSVC containing the INP-RSVC.
Anat Rec 1999 07 01
PMID:Anatomical study of the neural ganglionated plexus in the canine right atrium: implications for selective denervation and electrophysiology of the sinoatrial node in dog. 1041 95


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