Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.34 (lipoprotein lipase)
7,025 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fourteen Alpine goats at midlactation were fed a diet of hay and concentrate (55:45), without (control) or with formaldehyde-treated linseed (FLS) or oleic sunflower oil (OSO) at 11.2 or 3.5% of dry matter intake, respectively, in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design with three 3-wk periods. Milk yield was lower in goats fed FLS than control or OSO (2.13 vs. 2.32 kg/d). Milk fat content was higher with FLS or OSO than control (40.8 vs. 33.8 g/kg). Formaldehyde-treated linseed and OSO caused a significant decrease (23 and 18%, respectively) of C10 to C17 fatty acids secretion compared with control. The secretion of cis-9 C18:1 and cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 were increased 1.44- and 1.54-fold for FLS and 1.78- and 1.36-fold for OSO, compared with control. The C18:3 (n-3) secretion was increased 2.61-fold with FLS compared with control. Milk cis-9 C14:1/C14:0, cis-9 C16:1/C16:0, and cis-9 C18:1/C18:0 ratios decreased with the supplemented diets compared with control. Mammary stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA and activity were decreased by the lipid supplements, whereas no significant change was observed for acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were not affected by the lipid supplements. Mammary lipoprotein lipase mRNA increased with OSO, whereas lipoprotein lipase activity tended to decrease with FLS compared with control. Milk lipoprotein lipase activity sharply decreased with lipid supplement (by 59 and 71%, for FLS and OSO, respectively). The changes in milk fatty acid profile due to FLS and OSO supplements were partly related to changes in the levels of mammary enzyme activities or mRNA.
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PMID:Mammary lipid metabolism and milk fatty acid secretion in alpine goats fed vegetable lipids. 1577 17

The adipocyte differentiation process involves a cascade of transcriptional events that culminates in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha). These adipogenic transcription factors regulate the expression of genes necessary for the development of mature adipocytes in mammals. The current study was undertaken to identify regulatory factors that affect adipogenesis and to analyze species-specific mRNA expression of factors involved in chicken adipocyte differentiation. We developed a system for differentiation of chicken (Gallus gallus) adipocytes in culture using medium containing 500 nM dexamethasone, 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 20 microg/mL bovine insulin, 300 microM oleate, and 10% fetal bovine serum. The rapid differentiation of cells to mature adipocytes in this culture system was verified by observed increases in adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) expression, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and intracellular triglyceride accumulation. In contrast, cells cultured in a differentiation medium without fatty acids did not differentiate into mature adipocytes. The expression profiles of genes involved in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation, such as PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, beta, delta, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and glucose transporters 1 and 8 (GLUT1 and GLUT8) were studied. Rapid increases in PPARgamma and aP2 expression were observed after 9 and 12 h of culture in differentiation medium, respectively. In contrast, the expression patterns of the other adipogenic genes only differed slightly from those previously determined for mammalian adipocytes. These results suggest that exogenous fatty acid is essential for adipocyte differentiation in chickens, and that PPARgamma is possibly a key regulator in the early stages of chicken preadipocyte differentiation.
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PMID:Changes in mRNA expression of regulatory factors involved in adipocyte differentiation during fatty acid induced adipogenesis in chicken. 1592 39

Adipose tissue is an integral component within the endocrine system. Adipocytes produce numerous bioactive substances, and their dysregulation has serious pathophysiological consequences. We previously reported that human adipose tissue from several depots produces significant amounts of prolactin (PRL). To study locally produced PRL, we sought an acceptable in vitro model. Consequently, we developed an adipocyte cell line derived from a metastatic liposarcoma. The cell line, designated LS14, has been in continuous culture for 2 yr. These cells exhibit many properties of primary preadipocytes, including the ability to undergo terminal differentiation, as judged by morphological alterations, lipid accumulation, and increase in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. LS14 cells express many adipose-associated genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP(2)), hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, preadipocyte factor 1, adiponectin, leptin, and IL-6. Similar to primary adipocytes, LS14 cells also produce and respond to PRL, thus making them an attractive model to study adipose PRL production and function. The expression of PRL was confirmed at the transcriptional level by RT-PCR, and PRL secretion was determined by the Nb2 bioassay. Addition of exogenous PRL to LS14 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-6 release. In summary, we have established a novel human adipocyte cell line with many characteristics of primary adipocytes. The LS14 cells open up new avenues for research on human adipocyte biology and add to the repertoire of nonpituitary, PRL-producing cell lines.
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PMID:LS14: a novel human adipocyte cell line that produces prolactin. 1619 5

Experimental butters with a high content of trans-18 : 1 fatty acids and/or cis-9,trans-11-18 : 2 (rumenic acid; RA) were fed to thirty-six New Zealand White rabbits to investigate their effects on adipose tissue (AT) and liver lipogenic activities. Animals received one of three atherogenic (0.2 % cholesterol) diets containing 12 % butter with either a standard fatty acid composition (rich in saturated fatty acids), rich in trans-10-18 : 1 (T10 diet) or in trans-11-18 : 1 plus RA (T11+ RA diet) for 6 or 12 weeks. The ingestion of butters rich in trans fatty acids and/or RA for 6 weeks had little or no effect on liver and AT lipogenesis. The ingestion for 12 weeks of butter rich in T11+ RA decreased perirenal AT weight, lipogenic enzyme and lipoprotein lipase activities, without affecting liver lipid concentration or lipogenic activities except for a decrease in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Similar trends, but of a lower magnitude, were observed in rabbits fed the T10 diet for 12 weeks. Ingestion of the T10 or T11+ RA diets for 6 or 12 weeks had no significant effect on plasma metabolites and hormones except for glucose which increased at 6 weeks in the T10 group. Plasma leptin concentration was positively correlated with AT weight but did not differ between the three diets. In conclusion, the supply of butters rich in either T10 or T11+ RA in an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks decreased rabbit AT lipogenesis, with a more marked effect of the T11+RA diet, but had no effect on liver lipogenesis.
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PMID:Effect of dietary supply of butters rich either in trans-10-18 : 1 or in trans-11-18 : 1 plus cis-9, trans-11-18 : 2 on rabbit adipose tissue and liver lipogenic activities. 1692 50

During fetal life, adipose tissue is predominantly comprised of brown or thermogenic adipocytes and there is a transition to white, lipid-storing adipocytes after birth concomitant with the onset of suckling. In pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes, the fetus is hyperglycemic, has an increased fat mass, and is at increased risk of obesity in later life. In the present study, we have investigated the hypothesis that exposure to increased maternal nutrition during late gestation results in increased expression of genes that regulate adipogenesis and lipogenesis in perirenal fat in fetal sheep. Pregnant ewes were fed either at or approximately 55% above maintenance energy requirements during late pregnancy and quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, lipoprotein lipase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, adiponectin, and leptin mRNA expression. We report that exposure to metabolic and hormonal signals of increased nutrition before birth results in an increase in the expression of the adipogenic factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and in lipoprotein lipase, adiponectin, and leptin mRNA expression in fetal perirenal fat. We propose that an increase in maternal, and hence fetal, nutrition results in a precocial increase in adipogenic, lipogenic, and adipokine gene expression in adipose tissue and that these changes may be important in the development of obesity in later life.
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PMID:Increased maternal nutrition stimulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma, adiponectin, and leptin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in adipose tissue before birth. 1706 38

This work investigated the metabolic basis for the variability of carcass and i.m. adiposity in cattle. Our hypothesis was that the comparison of extreme breeds for adiposity might allow for the identification of some metabolic pathways determinant for carcass and i.m. adiposity. Thus, 23- to 28-mo-old steers of 3 breeds, 2 with high [Angus or Japanese Black x Angus (J. Black cross)] and 1 with low (Limousin) i.m. and carcass adiposity, were used to measure activities or mRNA levels, or both, of enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis [acetyl-coA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), malic enzyme], circulating triacylglycerol (TAG) uptake (lipoprotein lipase), and fatty acid esterification (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), as well as the mRNA level of leptin, an adiposity-related factor. In a first study, enzyme activities were assayed in the s.c. adipose tissue (AT), the oxidative rectus abdominis, and the glycolytic semitendinosus muscles from steers finished for 6 mo. Compared with Angus or J. Black cross, Limousin steers had a 27% less (P = 0.003) rib fat thickness, and 23 and 29% less (P < or = 0.02) FAS and G6PDH activities in s.c. AT. In rectus abdominis and semitendinosus, the 75% less (P < 0.001) TAG content was concomitant with 50% less (P < 0.001) G6PDH activity. In a second study, enzyme activities plus mRNA levels were assayed in an oxido-glycolytic muscle, the longissimus thoracis (LT), in the i.m. AT dissected from LT, and in s.c. AT from the same Limousin steers and from Angus steers finished for 10 mo. Compared with Angus, the 50% less (P < 0.001) rib fat thickness in Limousin contrasted with the 1.1- to 5.8-fold greater (P < or = 0.02) mRNA levels or activities, or both, of acetyl-coA carboxylase, G6PDH, lipoprotein lipase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in s.c. AT. Conversely, the 90% less (P < 0.001) TAG content in Limousin LT was concomitant to the 79 and 83% less (P < or = 0.002) G6PDH activity and leptin mRNA level. Such differences could arise from a greater number of adipocytes in LT from Angus steers because no difference was found between Limousin and Angus for G6PDH activity and leptin mRNA in i.m. AT. We conclude that FAS and G6PDH in s.c. AT could be involved in differences in carcass adiposity, but this relationship disappeared when the fatness increased strongly. Leptin and G6PDH are related to the expression of marbling whatever the body condition and thus could be relevant indicators of marbling in beef cattle.
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PMID:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and leptin are related to marbling differences among Limousin and Angus or Japanese Black x Angus steers. 1759 7

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia; BM) has been shown to ameliorate diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. To examine the effect of BM supplementation on cell size and lipid metabolism in adipose tissues, three groups of rats were respectively fed a high-fat diet supplemented without (HF group) or with 5 % lyophilised BM powder (HFB group), or with 0.01 % thiazolidinedione (TZD) (HFT group). A group of rats fed a low-fat diet was also included as a normal control. Hyperinsulinaemia and glucose intolerance were observed in the HF group but not in HFT and HFB groups. Although the number of large adipocytes (>180 microm) of both the HFB and HFT groups was significantly lower than that of the HF group, the adipose tissue mass, TAG content and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of the HFB group were significantly lower than those of the HFT group, implying that BM might reduce lipogenesis in adipose tissue. Experiment 2 was then conducted to examine the expression of lipogenic genes in adipose tissues of rats fed low-fat, HF or HFB diets. The HFB group showed significantly lower mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, lipoprotein lipase and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein than the HF group (P < 0.05). These results indicate BM can reduce insulin resistance as effective as the anti-diabetic drug TZD. Furthermore, BM can suppress the visceral fat accumulation and inhibit adipocyte hypertrophy, which may be associated with markedly down regulated expressions of lipogenic genes in the adipose.
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PMID:Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) inhibits adipocyte hypertrophy and down regulates lipogenic gene expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese rats. 1765 27

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, the physiologically active form of vitamin D3, exerts its functions through a receptor-mediated mechanism and plays an important role in the cell differentiation. This study investigated the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the proliferation and differentiation of porcine preadipocyte. Stromal-vascular cells containing preadipocytes were prepared from dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue of approximately 3-day-old Chinese male crossbred pigs. After confluence, the differentiation was induced by transferrin, dexamethasone and insulin for 2 days, and then subsequently cultured for 6 days. The cells were treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 during the induction of differentiation (the early phase of differentiation) or throughout the differentiation period. The terminal differentiation markers, such as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and lipid accumulation were measured during the process of cultures. The treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 severely affected the induction of all differentiation markers throughout the differentiation period. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppressed the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma mRNA and interfered with the induction of retinoid X receptor alpha mRNA. The mRNAs of the adipogenesis-related genes, lipoprotein lipase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose transporter 4 were reduced when 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was added into differentiation medium. Also, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited preadipocyte differentiation in dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited porcine preadipocyte differentiation through suppressing PPAR gamma and RXR alpha mRNA expressions and then down regulating the expression of adipogenesis-related genes.
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PMID:Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on proliferation and differentiation of porcine preadipocyte in vitro. 1780 83

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that low birth weight is associated with an increased incidence of visceral obesity and metabolic disorders in later life. In the present study, we have determined the impact of birth weight and gender on gene expression in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in the young adult sheep. Lambs (n=19, birth weight range 2.6-7.55 kg) were born at term and growth monitored for 22.4+/-0.2 weeks, when body composition was determined by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and samples of VAT and subcutaneous (SCAT) adipose tissue collected. Plasma samples were collected at post-mortem for the determination of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose and insulin concentrations. Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adiponectin and leptin mRNA expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Fractional growth rate in postnatal weeks 1-3 was inversely related to birth weight in both males and females (R2=0.22, P<0.05, n=19). PPARgamma mRNA expression in VAT, but not SCAT, was inversely related to birth weight (R2=0.60, P<0.01, n=18). In males, but not females, PPARgamma mRNA in VAT was directly related to G3PDH mRNA expression (R2=0.69, P<0.01, n=9). Plasma FFA concentrations were inversely related to birth weight in both males and females (R2=0.22, P<0.05, n=19). These findings demonstrate that low birth weight is associated with an increased expression of a key adipogenic factor in visceral adipose tissue in young adulthood. In males, this is associated with an increased expression of lipogenic genes, and this may contribute to the increased propensity for visceral obesity in low birth weight males compared to females.
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PMID:Birth weight and gender determine expression of adipogenic, lipogenic and adipokine genes in perirenal adipose tissue in the young adult sheep. 1830 4

Genistein, a major soy isoflavone, has been reported to exhibit antiadipogenic and proapoptotic potential in vivo and in vitro. It is also a phytoestrogen which has high affinity to estrogen receptor beta. In this study, we determined the effect of genistein on adipogenesis and estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta expression during differentiation in primary human preadipocytes. Genistein inhibited lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 6.25 microM and higher, with 50 microM genistein inhibiting lipid accumulation almost completely. Low concentrations of genistein (3.25 microM) increased cell viability and higher concentrations (25 and 50 microM) decreased it by 16.48+/-1.35% (P<.0001) and 50.68+/-1.34% (P<.0001). Oil Red O staining was used to confirm the effects on lipid accumulation. The inhibition of lipid accumulation was associated with inhibition of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and down-regulation of expression of adipocyte-specific genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, perilipin, leptin, lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. These effects of genistein during the differentiation period were associated with down-regulation of ERalpha and ERbeta expression. This study adds to the elucidation of the molecular pathways involved in the inhibition of adipogenesis by phytoestrogens.
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PMID:Genistein inhibits differentiation of primary human adipocytes. 1854 99


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