Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.7.7 (DNA polymerase)
 17,007 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Extensive research within the last decade has revealed that most chronic illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, neurological diseases, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases exhibit dysregulation of multiple cell signaling pathways that have been linked to inflammation. Thus mono-targeted therapies developed for the last two decades for these diseases have proven to be unsafe, ineffective and expensive. Although fruits and vegetables are regarded to have therapeutic potential against chronic illnesses, neither their active component nor the mechanism of action is well understood. Resveratrol (trans-3, 5, 4'-trihydroxystilbene), a component of grapes, berries, peanuts and other traditional medicines, is one such polyphenol that has been shown to mediate its effects through modulation of many different pathways. This stilbene has been shown to bind to numerous cell-signaling molecules such as multi drug resistance protein, topoisomerase II, aromatase, DNA polymerase, estrogen receptors, tubulin and F1-ATPase. Resveratrol has also been shown to activate various transcription factor (e.g; NFkappaB, STAT3, HIF-1alpha, beta-catenin and PPAR-gamma), suppress the expression of antiapoptotic gene products (e.g; Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), XIAP and survivin), inhibit protein kinases (e.g; src, PI3K, JNK, and AKT), induce antioxidant enzymes (e,g; catalase, superoxide dismutase and hemoxygenase-1), suppress the expression of inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., TNF, COX-2, iNOS, and CRP), inhibit the expression of angiogenic and metastatic gene products (e.g., MMPs, VEGF, cathepsin D, and ICAM-1), and modulate cell cycle regulatory genes (e.g., p53, Rb, PTEN, cyclins and CDKs). Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that this polyphenol holds promise against numerous age-associated diseases including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. In view of these studies, resveratrol's prospects for use in the clinics are rapidly accelerating. Efforts are also underway to improve its activity in vivo through structural modification and reformulation. Our review describes various targets of resveratrol and their therapeutic potential.
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PMID:Resveratrol: a multitargeted agent for age-associated chronic diseases. 1841 53

c-myc proto-oncogene amplification seems to have a prognostic value in breast cancer. In this study, quantitative analysis of c-myc amplification was carried out by differential polymerase chain reaction technique (d-PCR) using beta-globin as the reference gene. d-PCR assessment showed coampIification products of c-myc and beta-globin depend on variations in reaction factors such as the genomic DNA concentration, the relative concentrations of the various amplimers, the thermostable DNA polymerase concentration and the number of cycles. However, amplification of c-myc can be estimated quantitatively. In addition, results of individual sets of d-PCR can be expressed on a standard reference scale. A clinical study of 309 patients with breast cancer found c-myc amplification, respectively in 19% (45/236) of primary tumour tissues, 21% (4/19) of subsequent second primary cancers, 36% (4/11) of tumours of patients with bilateral lesions, 40% (8/20) of local recurrence tumours and 22% (5/23) of metastatic lesions. Amplification of c-myc was observed more frequently in histological grades 2-3 (p<0.02), in ER negative (p<0.01) and PgR negative tumours (p<0.02), but was not associated with age, tumour size, nodal status, histology, cytosolic cathepsin D or pS2. d-PCR appears amenable to automation and should facilitate large scale, inter laboratory gene amplification studies.
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PMID:Analysis of C-myc amplification by the differential polymerase chain-reaction (d-PCR), study in breast-cancer. 2160 66