Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase)
34,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Genetic evidence argues that the highly conserved carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II functions directly in the regulation of transcription of many eukaryotic genes. The observation that partial deletion of the CTD of yeast RNA polymerase II reduces the ability of the enzyme to respond to signals from a variety of upstream activating sequences led to the proposal that the CTD plays a role in the dialogue between regulatory factors that bind upstream activating sequences and the "general" or "basal" transcription factors associated with RNA polymerase II at the promoter (Scafe, C., Chao, D., Lopes, J., Hirsch, J. P., Henry, S., and Young, R. A. (1990) Nature 347, 491-494). Biochemical evidence for an interaction of the CTD with specific components of the basal transcription apparatus, however, has been lacking. To identify target(s) for CTD action, we probed steps in assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex with monoclonal antibodies specific for the CTD. Our findings reveal a novel interaction of the CTD with a high molecular mass form of the TATA factor. This interaction occurs during binding of RNA polymerase II to its promoter and requires the action of additional basal transcription factors; it is not observed when the single-subunit yeast transcription factor IID serves as the TATA factor.
...
PMID:Mechanism of assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. Evidence for a functional interaction between the carboxyl-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and a high molecular mass form of the TATA factor. 156 96

In vitro transcription was reconstituted with HeLa cell transcription factors and RNA polymerase II, which were essentially free from DNA topoisomerase activities. DNA templates with defined negative superhelical densities were tested for transcription activity. Transcription of the Bombyx mori fibroin gene increases and plateaus from templates of increasing superhelicity, and transcription from the adenovirus 2 major late promoter rises and then falls, while transcription of the Drosophila hsp70 gene remains unchanged. Dissection of transcription into pre and post-initiation steps by the use of Sarkosyl reveals that formation of a preinitiation complex on the fibroin gene or the adenovirus 2 major late promoter is slow on relaxed DNA and accelerated by DNA superhelicity. On the contrary, the preinitiation complex assembles rapidly on the hsp70 gene irrespective of DNA topology. As is the case with the fibroin gene promoter, DNA superhelicity appears to facilitate the interaction of transcription factor IID to the adenovirus 2 major late promoter.
...
PMID:DNA superhelicity affects the formation of transcription preinitiation complex on eukaryotic genes differently. 164 22

A general transcription factor IID which binds to the TATA box promoter element on RNA polymerase II genes regulates and initiates eukaryotic mRNA synthesis. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction procedure was developed and the human transcription factor IID (hTFIID) transcript was measured in normal human tissues, lung carcinomas, lung carcinoma cell lines, and breast carcinomas. In some normal tissues such as liver, fetal lung, and placenta, relatively low to moderate levels of hTFIID mRNA were detected. In contrast, hTFIID transcript was highly expressed in nearly all solid lung carcinomas and cell lines including both small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. hTFIID mRNA was present to a greater extent in small cell lung cancer than non-small cell lung cancer in solid tumors and cell lines. In solid carcinomas of breast, overexpression of hTFIID was also detected. A serum induction study using a serum-starved small cell lung cancer cell line, Lu134BS, indicated hTFIID transcription to be rapidly induced at 15 min following stimulation and its response essentially similar to that of protooncogene, c-fos. These results indicate the involvement of the expression of the general transcription factor hTFIID in lung and breast carcinoma, such as being associated with poor differentiation and high mitotic activity.
...
PMID:A general transcription initiation factor, human transcription factor IID, overexpressed in human lung and breast carcinoma and rapidly induced with serum stimulation. 172 4

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is viable and mitogen inducible in the absence of its binding sites for the inducible transcription factor NF-kappa B. We have investigated alternative mechanisms for induction of HIV-1 transcription. Using transient transfection assays, we found that transcription from an HIV-1 LTR containing mutant kappa B sites was activated 10- to 20-fold in a variety of human cell types by the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The promoter elements conferring this inducibility were localized to the region downstream of nucleotide -70, which contains the TATA and TAR elements and binding sites for transcription factors Sp1 and LBP-1. Synthetic promoters containing only Sp1 sites and a TATA element were also induced in transfection experiments as well as in in vitro transcription experiments with T-cell nuclear extracts. Moreover, promoters containing a TATA box in the absence of Sp1 sites or Sp1 sites in the absence of a TATA box were equally inducible in vitro, as was an RNA polymerase III promoter. The activities of RNA polymerases II and III and of the 38-kDa TATA-binding protein transcription factor IID (TFIID), were not induced by PMA, but electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed a highly inducible protein-DNA complex that interacted specifically with the TATA sequence. This protein-DNA complex appeared to be much larger than that found with the 38-kDa human TFIID expressed in bacteria. Taken together, these data suggest that a component of the general transcription machinery, and possibly a TFIID-associated protein, is induced in T cells by PMA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Alternative pathway for induction of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression: involvement of the general transcription machinery. 189 93

Fractionation of transcription extracts has led to the identification of multiple transcription factors specific for each form of nuclear RNA polymerase. Accurate transcription in vitro of the yeast U6 RNA gene by RNA polymerase C requires at least two factors. One of them was physically and functionally indistinguishable from transcription factor IID (TFIID or BTF1), a pivotal component of polymerase B transcription complexes, which binds to the TATA element. Purified yeast TFIID (yIID) or bacterial extracts that contained recombinant yIID were equally competent to direct specific transcription of the U6 gene by RNA polymerase C. The results suggest the formation of a hybrid transcription machinery, which may imply an evolutionary relation between class B and class C transcription factors.
...
PMID:Participation of the TATA factor in transcription of the yeast U6 gene by RNA polymerase C. 198 75

Transcription of the fibroin gene can be reconstituted with partially purified components from HeLa cells. Transcription factors IIB, IID, and IIE and RNA polymerase II are required for accurate initiation of transcription. Linear and relaxed closed circular DNA show a similar level of template activity. However, transcription of closed circular DNA is stimulated when negative supercoils are introduced by the addition of DNA topoisomerase II and supercoiling factor purified from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori. Dissection of transcription into pre- and postinitiation steps by the use of Sarkosyl reveals that DNA supercoiling promotes formation of a preinitiation complex. Furthermore, order of addition experiments suggest that DNA supercoiling facilitates a functional binding of transcription factor IID to the promoter.
...
PMID:Negative supercoiling of DNA facilitates an interaction between transcription factor IID and the fibroin gene promoter. 199 62

Transcription of mammalian genes by RNA polymerase II often begins at a specific nucleotide, whose location is determined either by an upstream DNA element known as a TATA box or by an element positioned at the transcription start site called an initiator (Inr). By in vitro analysis of synthetic promoters, we demonstrate here that the TATA and Inr elements are functionally similar and that the Inr is contained between nucleotides -3 and +5 relative to the initiation site. Moreover, we found that a mammalian transcription factor IID (TFIID) protein fraction is required for transcriptional stimulation by an Sp1-dependent activating element placed upstream of either TATA or Inr elements. However, in these assays, the yeast TATA-binding protein, which previously was shown to function similarly to mammalian TFIID, could not efficiently substitute for the mammalian TFIID fraction. These results demonstrate that mammalian TFIID is functionally distinct from the yeast TATA-binding protein and may contain additional subunits or domains that are important for transcriptional activation from some promoters.
...
PMID:Transcriptional activation by Sp1 as directed through TATA or initiator: specific requirement for mammalian transcription factor IID. 214 Nov 69

Fractionation of a yeast nuclear extract reveals at least four factors required in addition to RNA polymerase II for accurate initiation of transcription. One of these factors can be replaced by HeLa transcription factor IID or by its yeast counterpart expressed in Escherichia coli. Each of the remaining three factors can be replaced by a fraction from yeast whole cell extract, facilitating further purification of the factors.
...
PMID:Resolution of factors required for the initiation of transcription by yeast RNA polymerase II. 219 32

By a series of conventional chromatographic procedures we have purified from whole-cell extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast transcription factor IID (TFIID), which functionally substitutes for human TFIID in a complementation assay comprised of the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter and HeLa cell-derived RNA polymerase II, transcription factors IIA, IIB, and IIE. Similar to its human counterpart, yeast TFIID also exhibited specific binding to the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter TATA element, as shown by both DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays. NaDodSO4/PAGE analyses showed that a 27-kDa polypeptide coeluted with TFIID complementing activity through each chromatographic step. In agreement with this result and also suggesting that the native protein is a monomer, gel-filtration experiments indicated a molecular mass of 28 kDa for TFIID under nondenaturing conditions. That the 27-kDa polypeptide represented TFIID was further demonstrated by the ability of an HPLC-purified protein to bind specifically after renaturation to the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter TATA sequence.
...
PMID:Purification of a yeast TATA box-binding protein that exhibits human transcription factor IID activity. 266 84

The orientation of the TATA box is thought to direct downstream transcription of eukaryotic genes by RNA polymerase II. However, the putative TATA box in the promoter of the bone sialoprotein (BSP) gene, which codes for a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated bone matrix protein, is inverted (5'-TTTATA-3') relative to the consensus TATA box sequence (5'-TATAAA-3') and is overlapped by a vitamin D3-response element. Here we show that the inverted TATA sequence in the rat BSP gene binds to recombinant TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) with an affinity similar to that observed with the consensus TATA box, and site-directed point mutations in the inverted TATA sequence (mutating TTTATA into TCTCTA) abrogate both TBP binding and BSP promoter activity. However, when the inverted TATA sequence is changed to a canonical TATAAA, the TBP- and vitamin D3 receptor-binding properties together with the BSP promoter activity are retained. In addition, we found that the TBP is required to reconstitute in vitro transcription driven by the BSP promoter. These studies, which have revealed a naturally occurring inverted TATA box that can bind TBP and direct downstream transcription, demonstrate that the orientation of the TATA box does not determine the direction of transcription in higher eukaryotic genes. Consequently, the inverted TATA box that is conserved in the human, rat and mouse BSP gene promoters will provide an excellent in vivo model to investigate the polarity of the transcription factor IID-DNA complex and its relation to downstream transcription.
...
PMID:An inverted TATA box directs downstream transcription of the bone sialoprotein gene. 764 64


1 2 3 4 Next >>

---