Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase)
34,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Maturation-promoting factor (MPF) was examined in maturing pig oocytes by electrofusing them with germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes. Oocytes containing high levels of MPF (MI or MII stages) induced the breakdown of the GV introduced by fusion and the formation of the metaphase plate in 1 hr. A similar effect was seen when two or three GV oocytes were fused with a MII oocyte and then incubated for 1 hr in the presence of cycloheximide (a specific protein synthesis inhibitor), indicating that high levels of preformed MPF are present at the metaphase stage. During the maturation in vitro of cumulus-enclosed oocytes, a first sharp rise in MPF was seen between 26 and 29 hr of culture (MI stage); MPF declined after 2 hr (AI-TI stages) and again reached high levels at 35 hr, where it remained for the rest of maturation. Denuded oocytes showed a similar behavior, but MPF appeared 9 hr earlier and the rise, due to the asynchronous maturation of these oocytes, was not as sharp as in cumulus enclosed oocytes. Cycloheximide was used to study protein synthesis requirements for oocyte maturation. Intact GV were observed after 44 hr of culture when cycloheximide was added at 26 hr or earlier, and chromosome decondensation and pronuclear formation were observed when the drug was added at 32 hr. Transcriptional requirements were investigated by treating the oocytes with alpha-amanitin, an RNA polymerase inhibitor. This drug could completely inhibit the maturation of cumulus-enclosed oocytes, but this was a somatic cell-mediated effect since denuded oocytes were insensitive to this treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Changes in maturation-promoting activity in the cytoplasm of pig oocytes throughout maturation. 195 26

The activity of the template-engaged form of RNA polymerase I from livers of adrenalectomized rats was about 50-60% of that of normal control rats, and increased about 2-fold at 6 h after the administration of dexamethasone. However, no change was found in the activity of the 'free' form of RNA polymerase I or the template-engaged form of RNA polymerase II. Immunochemical studies using guinea-pig anti-(RNA polymerase I) serum disclosed that the total number of RNA polymerase I molecules did not vary during the treatment with dexamethasone. Cycloheximide caused a rapid decrease in the template-engaged form of RNA polymerase I activity in normal rats and in dexamethasone-treated (6 h) adrenalectomized rats, to the value in adrenalectomized rats, but affected it only slightly in adrenalectomized rats. The elongation rate of rRNA-precursor synthesis in liver nuclei was not affected by a change in the concentration of circulating dexamethasone. From these results, it is concluded that about half the rRNA-precursor synthesis in rat liver is regulated by glucocorticoids, probably through the synthesis of short-lived protein(s) which may play a role in conversion of the 'dormant' form of RNA polymerase I into the 'engaged' form.
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PMID:Effects of glucocorticoid and cycloheximide on the activity and amount of RNA polymerase I in nuclei of rat liver. 363 63

The kinetics of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis and RNA methylation were examined after foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection of baby hamster kidney cells. The synthesis of RNA extracted from the whole cells was stimulated two- to threefold above the control level of synthesis. This increased rate was attributed to viral RNA synthesis. The inhibition of host RNA methylation was concomitant with but more pronounced than protein synthesis inhibition. The methylation of transfer RNA was initially inhibited by virus infection, but rose to within 70 to 80% of the control level just prior to the production of maximal amounts of virus-specific RNA polymerase. Cycloheximide studies showed that rapid cessation of protein synthesis did not result in the immediate cessation of RNA methylation. A comparison between the kinetics of inhibition of these processes by cycloheximide and FMDV infection suggests that FMDV selectively inhibits RNA methylation.
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PMID:Foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced alterations of baby hamster kidney cell macromolecular biosynthesis: inhibition of ribonucleic acid methylation and stimulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis. 431 88

Turnover rates of the components of systems for RNA synthesis of rat-liver nucleus, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm were investigated. Cycloheximide administered in vivo selectively diminished nucleolar RNA synthesis in vitro. In contrast to the relatively stable nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase, nucleolar RNA polymerase (polymerase I) from rat liver decays rapidly upon cycloheximide administration, following pseudo-first order kinetics with a half-life of about 1.3 hr. Cycloheximide elicits this effect not through direct interaction with nucleolar RNA polymerase itself, nor by alteration of template function, but rather by inhibition of de novo synthesis of one or more of the protein components of nucleolar RNA polymerase. Similarly, when actinomycin-D was administered in vivo to inhibit RNA synthesis, the rate of decay of nucleolar RNA polymerase, assayed in the presence of exogenous poly d(A-T) template, was similar to that observed after cycloheximide administration. Thus, the messenger RNA(s) that codes for one or more of the catalytically essential polypeptide components of this enzyme turn over very rapidly with a half-life considerably shorter than 1.3 hr. The rapidity of turnover of both the enzyme protein and its messenger RNA(s) renders nucleolar RNA polymerase highly responsive to altered transcriptional, translational, or post-translational modulation. The marked differences in turnover rates of nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA polymerases indicate that at least certain of the protomeric components of nucleolar RNA polymerase I are distinct from those of nucleoplasmic RNA polymerases II and III.
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PMID:The rapid turnover of RNA polymerase of rat liver nucleolus, and of its messenger RNA. 450 7

Specific inhibitors of each of the three RNA polymerases of Blastocladiella emersonii have been found. Cycloheximide specifically inhibited the in vitro activity of the DEAE-fraction I enzyme, alpha-amanitin specifically inhibited the DEAE-fraction II enzyme, and rifampicin specifically inhibited the fraction III enzyme. DNA stimulation and dependency on the four riboside triphosphates were shown to be characteristic of each of the three fractions. Optimum concentrations of magnesium ions required were shown to differ among the three fractions and to be somewhat higher than optimum concentrations of manganese ions. The effect of pH on activity was essentially identical for each of the three fractions. Kinetic experiments and nuclease assays indicated the presence of some interfering substances in the partially purified RNA polymerase fractions.
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PMID:Specific inhibitors of the three RNA polymerases from the aquatic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii. 527 81

To determine whether 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent increases in intestinal calcium uptake require de novo protein and RNA synthesis, the effects of several inhibitors of these processes have been re-examined in vitro using cultured embryonic chick duodenum. To minimize the contributions of antibiotic toxicity to the interpretation of results, care was taken to examine inhibitor effects at early times after the onset of the 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 response. Cycloheximide at a concentration of 5 microM blocked hormone-dependent calcium uptake at all times examined (6 to 24 h). Actinomycin D was similarly effective at 6 to 12 h. The effects of cycloheximide were totally reversible while actinomycin D inhibition was only partially reversible. These compounds inhibited protein or RNA synthesis by 68.4 +/- 1.4 and 51.4 +/- 1.1%, respectively. Anisomycin, another inhibitor of polypeptide chain elongation and alpha-amanitin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase I, also blocked 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent calcium uptake after 12 h in culture. These results further strengthen the hypothesis that 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates intestinal calcium transport via a nuclear mechanism involving new gene expression.
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PMID:The effect of inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis on 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent calcium uptake in cultured embryonic chick duodenum. 616 75

Rat liver chromatin-bound RNA polymerase II could be differentially solubilized into two distinct populations, loosely and tightly bound enzymes, by a simple method. By this method the recovery of the solubilized enzyme from the chromatin fraction could be increased considerably as compared with the procedure of Yu (1). The two chromatin-bound enzymes had different properties: (a) Loosely bound enzyme was easily extractable from chromatin with relatively mild ionic condition (0.5 M NaCl); the tightly bound enzyme had to be solubilized by more drastic conditions such as sonication or nuclease treatment. (b) Loosely bound enzyme could not efficiently transcribe the chromatin template, but the tightly bound enzyme was active toward the same template. The latter enzyme is involved in the tight complex with the RNA synthesis activating factors. (c) Cycloheximide treatment in vivo suggests that the two enzymes have different turn-over rates. Therefore, with this simple solubilization method the functionally different two chromatin-bound RNA polymerase II activities can be estimated.
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PMID:A simple solubilization method for loosely and tightly chromatin-bound RNA polymerase II from rat liver nuclei. 712 57

Pulmonary epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC), composed of three distinct subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma), play a critical role in the regulation of fluid reabsorption from airspaces of late-gestation fetal lung. We studied the expression of ENaC subunit genes in cultured human fetal lung. All three mRNAs were expressed at low levels in second trimester lung (13-32% of adult values at 24 wk gestation). There was a spontaneous increase of approximately threefold over preculture values of all three subunits within 24 h of explant culture in serum-free Waymouth's medium. Dexamethasone (Dex) induced all three mRNAs by two- to threefold. Maximal induction was noted by 8 h with 30-100 nM Dex and half-maximal stimulation with 3-10 nM Dex. Cycloheximide decreased basal expression of all three subunits by 8 h but did not alter the response to Dex. Actinomycin D and 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), inhibitors of RNA polymerase II, decreased the basal and the Dex-induced expression of all three subunits with a more marked effect on human hENaC-gamma than on hENaC-alpha or hENaC-beta. Under conditions where transcription was blocked by actinomycin D or DRB, Dex did not alter the stability of the three mRNAs. Triiodothyronine (T3) at low (2 nM) or high (100 nM) concentrations had no effect on the expression of the three subunits in the presence or absence of low (10 nM) or high (100 nM) concentrations of Dex for 8 or 24 h. Similarly, 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (2 microM) had no effect on basal or Dex-induced increase in the three subunits. We conclude that the three Na+ channel subunit genes are expressed in second trimester human fetal lung and are coordinately upregulated by glucocorticoid hormones but not by T3 or adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. Glucocorticoid induction is receptor mediated, is primarily transcriptional, and does not require the induction of an intermediate protein for transcriptional enhancement. We speculate that induction of lung ENaC may contribute to the beneficial effects of antenatal glucocorticoids in premature babies.
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PMID:Glucocorticoid regulation of epithelial sodium channel genes in human fetal lung. 925 60

Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) are common antithyroid drugs for treating hyperthyroidism because the 2 drugs inhibit thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-catalyzed thyroid hormone formation. We studied whether the 2 drugs actually inhibit cellular TPO activity in cultured porcine follicles. Porcine follicles were cultured in the presence of 1 mU/mL thyrotropin (TSH) for 7 days. Then follicles were exposed to MMI or PTU in the presence of 0.1 microM Kl for 2 days. TPO activity was measured in the 100,000 x g-pellet of the thyroid sonicate by the guaiacol oxidation method. Exposure to MMI (1 microM and 10 microM) or PTU (10 microM and 100 microM) for 2 days caused a significant increase in cellular TPO activity; 100 microM MMI inhibited cellular TPO activity. The presence of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-generating system (forskolin) in TSH-free medium increased MMI-mediated TPO activity. Cyclohexamide inhibited MMI-mediated TPO activation, indicating that new protein synthesis is required for increased TPO activity. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed an increase in TPO mRNA by PTU or MMI. In conclusion, MMI and PTU at therapeutic concentrations can increase TPO mRNA and cellular TPO activity, although the 2 drugs inhibit the TPO-H2O2-mediated catalytic reaction.
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PMID:Methimazole and propylthiouracil increase cellular thyroid peroxidase activity and thyroid peroxidase mRNA in cultured porcine thyroid follicles. 1036 84

Cycloheximide inhibits ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription in vivo. The mouse homologue of yeast Rrn3, a polymerase-associated transcription initiation factor, can complement extracts from cycloheximide-treated mammalian cells. Cycloheximide inhibits the phosphorylation of Rrn3 and causes its dissociation from RNA polymerase I. Rrn3 interacts with the rpa43 subunit of RNA polymerase I, and treatment with cycloheximide inhibits the formation of a Rrn3.rpa43 complex in vivo. Rrn3 produced in Sf9 cells but not in bacteria interacts with rpa43 in vitro, and such interaction is dependent upon the phosphorylation state of Rrn3. Significantly, neither dephosphorylated Rrn3 nor Rrn3 produced in Escherichia coli can restore transcription by extracts from cycloheximide-treated cells. These results suggest that the phosphorylation state of Rrn3 regulates rDNA transcription by determining the steady-state concentration of the Rrn3.RNA polymerase I complex within the nucleolus.
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PMID:Rrn3 phosphorylation is a regulatory checkpoint for ribosome biogenesis. 1201 11


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