Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase)
 34,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The biochemical mechanism of the N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate-induced inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro by chicken (myeloblastosis) leukemia RNA polymerase II was studied. The inhibition was found to be dependent upon preincubation of the drug with the enzyme prior to enzyme assays, suggesting that drug-enzyme interactions occur. A drug-enzyme association complex was subsequently isolated through glycerol gradient sedimentation and further characterized by fluorescent microscopic studies. The drug was dissociated from the complex upon sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, revealing the non-covalent nature of the binding between the drug and the RNA polymerase.
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PMID:Interaction of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate with chicken leukemia RNA polymerase. Formation of drug-enzyme complex. 375 49

Globin messenger RNA, isolated from human peripheral blood reticulocytes, was transcribed into complementary DNA by use of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus. The complementary DNA was then transcribed into (32)P-labeled complementary RNA by E. coli RNA polymerase in the presence of alpha-(32)P-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates. The fingerprint pattern obtained from ribonuclease T1 digests of human globin complementary RNA was specific and reproducible. Different patterns were obtained from digests of duck, mouse, and rabbit globin complementary RNA. The fingerprint patterns obtained from digests of purified natural human 10S globin messenger RNA, labeled in vitro with (125)I or with [gamma-(32)P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase, were similar to that of the complementary RNA but contained some additional oligonucleotides. Sufficient nucleotide sequence information has been obtained from about 50% of the intermediate sized oligonucleotides (8-14 base residues long), to make possible examination of correspondence between these nucleotide sequences and globin amino-acid sequences. Approximately 70% of these oligonucleotide sequences can be matched to unique amino-acid sequences in the alpha- or beta-globin chains. The other 30% do not match known amino-acid sequences and presumably correspond to untranslated portions of the mRNA; some of these sequences, however, can be matched to amino-acid sequence in the abnormally long segment of the alpha chain of hemoglobin Constant Spring, which is thought to result from a chain-termination mutation.
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PMID:Nucleotide sequences of human globin messenger RNA. 413 9

The availability of a purified RNA-instructed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) from avain myeloblastosis virus provided the opportunity to explore whether this enzyme could be used as a general tool for synthesizing DNA complements of a wide variety of natural RNAs. The results described show that this potentially useful situation is in fact realized. The avian viral transcriptase can mediate the synthesis of DNA complementary to RNAs of such widely divergent origins as Qbeta bacteriophage and Moloney sarcoma virus. These findings open up novel pathways for the experimental resolution of several interesting problems. Thus, given a purified RNA message, one should be able to synthesize the corresponding DNA genetic material. If suitably labeled, the synthetic DNA has various obvious uses, including its use via molecular hybridization as an analytical probe for the corresponding gene on the chromosomes or for its message in a complex mixture of RNA molecules. Of immediate practical interest is the import of these findings for viral oncology. They imply that for many purposes we will not be compelled to isolate or use the "reverse transcriptase" from each oncogenic virus in order to synthesize its complementary DNA. The ability of one enzyme to accept a variety of oncogenic RNAs will obviate many of the logistical difficulties that arise, particularly in attempts to illuminate the etiology of human cancer.
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PMID:Synthesis of DNA complements of natural RNAs: a general approach. 433 Sep 45

A mammalian cell-free transcriptional system was developed in which mammalian RNA polymerase synthesizes globin messenger RNA sequences from bone-marrow chromatin. The messenger RNA sequences are detected by measurement of the ability of the transcribed RNA to hybridize with globin complementary DNA. The globin complementary DNA is synthesized by the enzyme from avian myeloblastosis virus, RNA-directed DNA polymerase, with purified globin messenger RNA as template. The specificity of the globin complementary DNA in annealing reactions was verified by preparing DNA complementary to liver messenger RNA and showing that the globin and liver complementary DNAs are specific for their own messenger RNAs. Both DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from sheep liver and RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli can transcribe globin messenger RNA sequences from rabbit bone-marrow chromatin; however, the mammalian enzyme appears to be more specific in that globin gene sequences represent a higher proportion of the RNA synthesized. Neither polymerase can transcribe globin messenger RNA sequences from rabbit-liver chromatin. This cell-free assay system should be useful in searching for mammalian transcriptional regulatory factors.
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PMID:Cell-free transcription of mammalian chromatin: transcription of globin messenger RNA sequences from bone-marrow chromatin with mammalian RNA polymerase. 436 29

Reverse transcriptase isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) were examined for their ability to catalyze polymerization, ribonuclease H, pyrophosphate exchange, and pyrophosphorolysis reactions. A detailed characterization and a study of requirements for the expression of pyrophosphate exchange and pyrophosphorolysis reactions indicated that a variety of RNA and DNA template-primers supported these catalytic reactions. Furthermore, hydrogen bonding of template to primer was essential, although RNA:RNA template-primers, e.g. poly(rA) . (rU)9 or 70 S RNA . tRNA complex, were not utilized for these reactions. AMV enzyme required Mg2+, and RLV enzyme Mn2+, as the preferred divalent metal ion for the expression of these activities. Response of various catalytic reactions to site-specific inhibitors revealed that polymerization and pyrophosphate exchange reactions were susceptible to reagents that affected either the substrate or the template binding site, intrinsic zinc, or sulfhydryl groups. RNase H and pyrophosphorolysis activities, on the other hand, exhibited susceptibility only to the template site-specific reagent. We, therefore, conclude that RNase H and pyrophosphorolysis reactions are catalyzed through the template binding site while polymerization and pyrophosphate exchange reactions require additional participation of the substrate binding site, as well as that of intrinsic zinc and the presence of reactive sulfhydryl groups.
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PMID:Enzymatic activities associated with avian and murine retroviral DNA polymerases. Catalysis of and active site involvement in pyrophosphate exchange and pyrophosphorolysis reactions. 615 89

Reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus can react with periodate-treated primer tRNATrp (beef) to form a Schiff's base between an epsilon-NH2 lysine group within the active center of the enzyme and the dialdehyde derivative of the 3' terminal ribose of tRNA. In the presence of cyanoborohydride the reversible imminium moiety of the Schiff's base is reduced to a more stable adduct. Non-primer tRNAs were not able to reduce the extent of primer fixation to the enzyme. Complete inactivation of the enzyme was attained when the ratio enzyme:tRNA in the complex was 1:1. When the 1:1 adduct was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, radioactivity from the terminal adenosine of tRNA was found exclusively associated with the alpha subunit. At longer times of labeling the beta subunit was also found linked to the oxidized primer tRNA.
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PMID:Study of the interactions between avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and primer tRNA. Affinity labeling and inactivation of the enzyme by periodate-treated tRNATrp. 616 Apr 74

Reverse transcriptase from Rous sarcoma virus and avian myeloblastosis virus was purified by a rapid two-step procedure using chromatography on phosphocellulose and heparin-Sepharose. The resulting enzyme was homogeneous, had a high specific activity and was free of contaminating nucleases. This procedure has been adapted to small-scale preparation of enzyme from mutant virus containing thermolabile reverse transcriptase, and is equally suitable for large-scale enzyme purification.
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PMID:Purification of reverse transcriptase from avian retroviruses using affinity chromatography on heparin-sepharose. 616 44

The effects of various new anthracycline antibiotics on DNA and RNA synthesis were studied using DNA polymerase I (EC 2.7.7.7), RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) obtained from Escherichia coli and reverse transcriptase obtained from avian myeloblastosis virus. Aclacinomycin A, its analogues, baumycins A1 and A2, adriamycin and daunomycin showed potent inhibitory effects on these polymerases, with calf thymus DNA as template, with IC50 values of 10-30 microM. With poly(rA) x d(pT)10 as template for reverse transcriptase, aclacinomycin A and daunomycin showed IC50 values higher than 500 microM. Baumycins B1, B2, C1, and C2 showed high IC50 values on three polymerases. Addition of excess template DNA to the reaction mixture reversed the inhibitory effect of anthracyclines. Addition of calf thymus DNA to anthracyclines caused a bathochromic and hypochromic change in the visible spectrum. Apparent binding constant for aclacinomycin A, its analogues, and adriamycin were in the range of (1-2) X 10(6) M-1. Aclacinomycin A and adriamycin also bind to heat denatured DNA, but not strongly to yeast RNA. From these results, the structure-activity relationships of new anthracyclines on DNA binding and polymerase reactions are discussed.
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PMID:Interaction of new anthracycline antibiotics with DNA. Effects on nucleic acid synthesis and binding to DNA. 618 17

A novel enzyme inhibitor against RNA-directed DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus was produced by an isolate of a new streptomycete for which the name Streptomyces retrostaticus is proposed. This enzyme inhibitor, which was named retrostatin, did not inhibit DNA-directed DNA polymerase of Escherichia coli and DNA-directed RNA polymerase of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Retrostatin was produced by the microorganism together with streptonigrin. These two substances were extracted from the culture broth with ethyl acetate at acidic pH. Retrostatin is an acidic pH indicator and the free acid was recovered as a red powder. Retrostatin had weak antibiotic activities against Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts.
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PMID:Retrostatin, a new specific enzyme inhibitor against avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. 619 91

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was used to prepare copolymers of dA and 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine (epsilon dA). When used as templates for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Pol I) and compared with poly (dA), normal dTTP incorporation was not significantly affected by the presence of 7% epsilon dA. dGTP misincorporation was only slightly increased and occurred about once for every 500 epsilon dA residues. The error-prone polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV reverse transcriptase) increased this error rate 5- to 20-fold to a maximum of 1 dG/25 epsilon dA. No dCTP misincorporation was detected with either polymerase. In transcription with E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, no errors were revealed by nearest neighbor analysis. Poly (dA) treated with chloroacetaldehyde under conditions producing the same proportion of epsilon dA (without the hydrated form) as the synthesized template behaved in the same manner with a similar low level of misincorporation of dG. Such treatment of alternating poly d(A-T) caused structural changes indicative of crosslinks but did not alter its template properties. Increasing the amount of epsilon dA in either synthesized or modified polymers greatly decreased the template activity without increasing the error rate. It is suggested that epsilon dA generally does not prevent dT incorporation but behaves as a bulky lesion which is bypassed. In contrast to the low mutagenic efficiency of epsilon dA, O4-methyldeoxythymidine (m4dT), in copolymers with dA, directed the misincorporation of 1 dG/12 m4dT with Pol I and 1 dG/3 m4dT with reverse transcriptase. Nearest neighbor analysis of transcripts showed the incorporation of 1 dG/12 m4dT. These data are in agreement with the previous reported mutagenicity of m4dT in alternating poly d(A-T, m4T).
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PMID:Assessment of mutagenic efficiency of two carcinogen-modified nucleosides, 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine and O4-methyldeoxythymidine, using polymerases of varying fidelity. 620 83


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