Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase)
34,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Helicobacter pylori is an important risk factor of gastric cancer (GC). Although many H. pylori virulence factors have been reported, the pathogenic mechanism by which H. pylori infection causes GC remains unclear. The aims of this study were to identify GC-related antigens from H. pylori and characterize their roles in the development of GC. As GC and duodenal ulcer (DU) are considered clinically divergent, we compared two-dimensional immunoblots of an acid-glycine extract of H. pylori probed with serum samples from 15 patients with GC and 15 with DU to find GC-related antigens, which were subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. Many protein spots were recognized by more than one serum, and 24 of these were better recognized by GC sera. The proteins showing higher frequency of recognition in GC group are threonine synthase, rod shape-determining protein, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, peptide chain release factor 1, DNA-directed RNA polymerase alpha subunit, co-chaperonin GroES (monomeric and dimeric forms), response regulator OmpR, and membrane fusion protein. Of these proteins, GroES was identified as a dominant GC-related antigen with a much higher seropositivity of GC samples (64.2%, n = 95) compared with 30.9% for gastritis (n = 94) and 35.5% for DU (n = 124). GroES seropositivity was more commonly associated with antral GC than with non-antral GC (odds ratio = 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-6.7). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, GroES stimulated production of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E(2). Moreover when incubated with gastric epithelial cells, GroES induced expression of IL-8, cell proliferation, and up-regulation of c-jun, c-fos, and cyclin D1 but caused down-regulation of p27(Kip1). We conclude that GroES of H. pylori is a novel GC-associated virulence factor and may contribute to gastric carcinogenesis via induction of inflammation and promotion of cell proliferation.
...
PMID:Comparative immunoproteomics of identification and characterization of virulence factors from Helicobacter pylori related to gastric cancer. 1676 9

In animals, the bone marrow (BM) is a source of liver-repopulating cells with therapeutic potential in case of tissue damage. However, the early response of human BM-derived stem cells (SC) to liver injury is still unknown. Here, we studied 24 patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for end-stage liver disease or hepatocellularcarcinoma, and 13 patients submitted to liver resection. The concentration of circulating BM-derived SC was determined by phenotypic analysis and clonogenic assays. Moreover, we assessed the serum level of inflammatory and tissue-specific cytokines. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence-in situ hybridization were also used to characterize mobilized SC. At baseline, patients showed a significant lower concentration of circulating CD133(+), CD34(+) SC and clonogenic progenitors (colony-forming unit cells) than healthy controls. However, the time-course evaluation of peripheral blood cells after OLT demonstrated the significant early mobilization of multiple subsets of hematopoietic and endothelial stem/progenitor cells. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses of CD34(+) cells showed the host origin of mobilized SC and the expression of transcripts for GATA-4, cytokeratin 19, and alpha-fetoprotein hepatocyte markers. In contrast with OLT, only total circulating CD34(+) cells significantly increased after liver resection. Mobilization of BM cells after OLT or liver surgery was associated with increased serum levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, interleukin-6, stem cell factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. In summary, we demonstrate that tissue damage after OLT and liver resection induces increased serum levels of multiple cytokines but only ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with OLT results in the remarkable mobilization of BM stem/progenitor cells.
...
PMID:Mobilization of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic and endothelial stem cells after orthotopic liver transplantation and liver resection. 1693 69

For therapeutic purposes, large numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) are essential. In this study, we used 2% autologous canine plasma, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in generating monocyte-derived DCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of dogs. The plasma enriched the population of CD14-positive monocytes by greatly enhancing the efficiency of monocyte adherence, the proportion of adherent cells increasing from 6.6% with 10% fetal bovine serum to 15.3% with 2% autologous canine plasma. Culturing the adherent monocytes for 6 d with human GM-CSF, canine IL-4, and human Flt3L significantly increased the yield of DCs, more than 90% of which were CD14-negative. Because, in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), monocytes that were CD14-positive expressed tumor necrosis factor ac much more than DCs with low levels of CD14, it is important to decrease the numbers of CD14-positive cells in generating monocyte-derived DCs. With flow cytometry and real-time reverse-transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction assays, we found that in canine immature DCs (iDCs) the expression of DLA class II molecules, CD1a, CD11c, CD40, and CD86 was high and the expression of CD80, CD83, and CD14 either low or negative. During maturation (stimulated by LPS), the expression of CDla, CD40, CD83, and CD80 was upregulated. However, the expression of DLA class II molecules, CD11c, and CD86 was not increased in mature DCs. Incubating the iDCs with LPS decreased antigen uptake and increased the cells' immunostimulatory capacity (assessed by the allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte reaction), indicating that LPS accelerates the functional maturation of DCs. This protocol may facilitate the use of DCs in cellular immunotherapy.
...
PMID:Characterization of canine monocyte-derived dendritic cells with phenotypic and functional differentiation. 1769 90

Inflammatory activation of the endothelium by Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection has been implicated in the development of chronic vascular lesions and coronary heart disease by seroepidemiological and animal studies. We tested the hypothesis that C. pneumoniae induced inflammatory gene expression is regulated by Rho-GTPase-related histone modifications. C. pneumoniae infection induced the liberation of proinflammatory interleukin-6, interleukin-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interferon-gamma by human endothelial cells. Cytokine secretion was reduced by simvastatin and the specific Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 but was synergistically enhanced by inhibitors of histone deacetylases trichostatin A and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. Infection of endothelial cells with viable C. pneumoniae, but not exposure to heat-inactivated C. pneumoniae or infection with C. trachomatis, induced acetylation of histone H4 and phosphorylation and acetylation of histone H3. Pretreatment of C. pneumoniae-infected cells with simvastatin or NSC23766 reduced global histone modifications as well as specific modifications at the il8 gene promoter, as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Reduced recruitment of nuclear factor kappaB p65/RelA as well as of RNA polymerase II was observed in statin-treated cells. Taken together, Rac1-mediated histone modifications seem to play an important role in C. pneumoniae-induced cytokine production by human endothelial cells.
...
PMID:Simvastatin reduces Chlamydophila pneumoniae-mediated histone modifications and gene expression in cultured human endothelial cells. 1843 97

Resistance to pathogens such as Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is a heritable trait important in maintaining the health of chickens and reducing bacterial contamination of poultry products. In chickens, heterophils act as the first responders to bacterial infections and are, therefore, responsible for initiating the immune response against SE challenge. This study measured mRNA expression of several immune response genes [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta4 (TGF-beta4), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4)] by heterophils from broiler, Leghorn, and Fayoumi chickens, either non-stimulated or stimulated in vitro with SE using quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. We found that heterophils of commercially selected broiler and Leghorn birds had differing early heterophil responses to SE in comparison with the native Fayoumi line. Heterophil stimulation with SE in vitro increased expression of pro- (IL-6 and GM-CSF) and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA (IL-10 and TGF-beta4) in the Fayoumi line, while the broiler and Leghorn line heterophils had decreased or no changes in the cytokine gene expression levels. The unique response of the Fayoumi line is in contrast to the lines with a history of genetic selection to increase growth or reproduction, a process which may favor reduced or suppressed inflammatory responses. The findings illustrate the potential value of native lines to provide biodiversity to enhance innate health in commercially selected poultry.
...
PMID:Chicken heterophils from commercially selected and non-selected genetic lines express cytokines differently after in vitro exposure to Salmonella enteritidis. 1950 32

BCL10 is an apoptotic regulatory molecule identified through its direct involvement in t(1; 14)(p22; q32) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and was implicated in the pathogenesis of this and several other tumour types. BCL10 was recognized as an antigen receptor-specific regulator of NF-kappaB, which showed close association with immune responses. In this study, we cloned and characterized BCL10 from the porcine spleen and analysed its genomic structure. BCL10 was mapped to SSC4q21-q23 by the IMpRH panels, it is closely linked to the marker S0161 and SW1461. This gene has three exons and two introns. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that BCL10 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues. Transient transfection indicated that porcine BCL10 was located in cytoplasm in Pig Kidney Epithelial cells. BCL10 gene displays the opposite expression trend between the two treatments mimic virus and bacteria of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The level of the BCL10 mRNA was up-regulated during 12-24 h and peaking at 48 h when treated with LPS, whereas it was down-regulated during 0-48 h and highest at 0 h (cells without treating with Poly I:C) when treated with Poly I:C. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site was identified in the 3'-untranslated region of porcine BCL10. Association analysis revealed that this SNP was significantly associated with intermediate cell mass (eosinophile granulocyte, basophile granulocyte and histoleucocyte) percentage, absolute intermediate cell mass count and mean red blood cell volume of 0-day-old pigs, and red blood cell count of 17-day-old pigs (P < 0.05), and also had significant associations with red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration of 32-day-old pigs (P < 0.01).
...
PMID:BCL10 as a new candidate gene for immune response in pigs: cloning, expression and association analysis. 2019 35

SKIN(2) ZK1300 is a three-dimensional human skin model consisting of multilayered dermal fibroblasts and well-differentiated epidermal keratinocyte layers, including a stratum corneum. To characterize this model better, constitutive levels of cytokine gene expression were determined. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by liquid hybridization to labelled internal probes, demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-1I, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)I, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), transforming growth factor (TGFbeta1) and IL-12 p35 mRNAs were constitutively expressed whereas IL-12 p40 was not. The contribution of the dermal component of this human skin model (Model ZK1100) was further characterized by determining constitutive cytokines expressed and their modulation by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA). The dermal component, consisting of multilayered human dermal fibroblasts, constitutively expressed message for IL-1I, 1L-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TGFbeta1, GM-CSF and IL-12 p35. Message was not detected for IL-10, TNFI or IL-12 p40. PMA treatment of the multilayered dermal fibroblasts increased steady-state mRNA levels of IL-1I, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF and TGFbeta1, but did not induce IL-10, TNFI or IL-12 p40 expression at the dose and times tested. In summary, these studies demonstrate that the SKIN(2) three-dimensional human skin cultures, and their dermal component, constitutively express mRNA for an array of inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines, and that PMA exposure modulates mRNA levels of the dermal cytokines.
...
PMID:Cytokine mRNA expression in an in vitro human skin model, SKIN(2). 2065 Feb 32

Isolation of granulocytes from blood is necessary for accurate study of changes in their expression. After gradient centrifugation, we obtain relatively pure granulocyte populations with different ratios of neutrophils and eosinophils. Unfortunately, in many studies in this field the expression results are not set according to the real variability of the granulocyte population. In many cases, the granulocyte population is marked simply as "neutrophils" and the residual population of eosinophils is not considered. Based on our recent study where we tracked the general transcription factor RNA polymerase II, we hypothesized that eosinophils are more transcriptionally active cells than neutrophils. We decided to test our hypothesis on isolated cells because its implications could change our view on many past expression analyses performed on granulocytes. In our experiments, we isolated neutrophils and eosinophils and measured their total RNA production. According to our results, eosinophils produce much more RNA than neutrophils. Therefore, relatively low numbers of highly active eosinophils can markedly affect the whole pool of granulocytic RNA. We want to emphasize that either a detailed description of the cell population or the use of a pure neutrophil population is necessary for the correct interpretation of neutrophil expression analysis results.
...
PMID:Isolation of granulocytes: which transcriptome do we analyse - neutrophils or eosinophils? 2132 66

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from the human olfactory mucosa (OM) are cells that have been proposed as a niche for neural progenitors. OM-MSCs share phenotypic and functional properties with bone marrow (BM) MSCs, which constitute fundamental components of the hematopoietic niche. In this work, we investigated whether human OM-MSCs may promote the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). For this purpose, human bone marrow cells (BMCs) were co-cultured with OM-MSCs in the absence of exogenous cytokines. At different intervals, nonadherent cells (NACs) were harvested from BMC/OM-MSC co-cultures, and examined for the expression of blood cell markers by flow cytometry. OM-MSCs supported the survival (cell viability >90%) and proliferation of BMCs, after 54 days of co-culture. At 20 days of co-culture, flow cytometric and microscopic analyses showed a high percentage (73%) of cells expressing the pan-leukocyte marker CD45, and the presence of cells of myeloid origin, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, erythroid cells, and megakaryocytes. Likewise, T (CD3), B (CD19), and NK (CD56/CD16) cells were detected in the NAC fraction. Colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) progenitors and CD34(+) cells were found, at 43 days of co-culture. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies showed that OM-MSCs constitutively express early and late-acting hematopoietic cytokines (i.e., stem cell factor [SCF] and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]). These results constitute the first evidence that OM-MSCs may provide an in vitro microenvironment for HSCs. The capacity of OM-MSCs to support the survival and differentiation of HSCs may be related with the capacity of OM-MSCs to produce hematopoietic cytokines.
...
PMID:Human olfactory mucosa multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells promote survival, proliferation, and differentiation of human hematopoietic cells. 2247 39

Infusion of seminal plasma in the uterus is known to elicit an instant inflammatory response in the porcine uterus, but whether or not it prepares a uterine immunological response to the presence of conceptuses is not well understood. Seminal plasma induced long-term modulatory effects and conceptus-induced immune changes in leukocyte populations were measured by flow cytometry and mRNAs for various cytokines by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR in porcine endometrium collected on Days 6 and 13 from cycling and pregnant animals or from animals given seminal plasma infusions. Seminal plasma infusion induced long-term modulatory effects, resulting in significantly more endometrial FoxP3-positive T-regulatory and T-helper cells 6 days after infusion as compared to cycling and pregnant animals. The number of T-cytotoxic and T-null cells did not change between the studied groups. The early molecular effects of seminal plasma were not observed at 13-days post-infusion, although animals on Day 13 of pregnancy did show significantly more T-cells (of any type investigated). Seminal plasma also showed a delayed effect on cytokine expression, specifically exhibiting a significant increase in interleukin 10 (IL10) and a decrease in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) gene expression on Day 13 as compared to Day 6 of cycling or pregnant gilts. The results indicate a delayed regulatory effect of seminal plasma on immune responses in the porcine uterus, which are similar to immune changes generated by implanting conceptuses.
...
PMID:Effects of seminal plasma and the presence of a conceptus on regulation of lymphocyte-cytokine network in porcine endometrium. 2438 30


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>

---