Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase)
34,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The metazoan cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk7 was purified originally as part of a biochemical activity called CAK (Cdk-activating kinase) capable of phosphorylating and activating in vitro the Cdks that promote the different cell cycle transitions. Cdk7 is also found in the transcription factor complex TFIIH, suggesting that it participates in vivo in the control of RNA polymerase II. We have examined the physiological role of Cdk7 during the course of Drosophila development. By expressing dominant-negative forms of the kinase, we were able to alter Cdk7 function at given developmental stages. Expression of Cdk7 mutants severely delayed the onset of zygotic transcription in the early embryo, but did not alter the timing of the first 13 embryonic nuclear cycles. These results implicate Cdk7 in the control of transcriptional machinery in vivo. While cell cycle regulation is not sensitive to our manipulations of Cdk7 activity, it suggests that a distinct pool of CAK activity that is unaffected by expression of the cdk7(DN) mutants is present in these embryos.
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PMID:Dominant-negative mutants reveal a role for the Cdk7 kinase at the mid-blastula transition in Drosophila embryos. 1074 25

The activation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) by the viral transcriptional transactivator Tat is an essential step in the viral replication cycle. To increase the processivity of RNA polymerase II, Tat interacts with the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK). In this study, we demonstrate that a pseudo-substrate peptide for CDK7, mC2p, inhibits HIV-1 replication as well as Tat transactivation. Specifically, mC2p blocks only the activity of CAK and not that of P-TEFb. Moreover, mC2p inhibits Tat transactivation and HIV replication. Therefore, the activation of CDK7 by Tat is considered a critical step of Tat transactivation and mC2p and related compounds represent potential candidates for novel anti-HIV therapeutics.
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PMID:HIV-1 replication is inhibited by a pseudo-substrate peptide that blocks Tat transactivation. 1079 93

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (Cdk7) forms a trimeric complex with cyclin H and Mat1 to form the mammalian Cdk-activating kinase, CAK, as well as a part of the basal transcription factor TFIIH, where Cdk7 phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Here, we report a novel interaction between Cdk7 and a histidine triad (HIT) family protein, Hint/PKCI-1. This interaction was initially observed in a yeast two-hybrid study and subsequently verified by co-immunoprecipitation and subcellular localization studies, where overexpression of Cdk7 leads to partial relocalization of Hint to the nucleus. The physical association is independent of cyclin H binding or Cdk7 kinase activity and is conserved between the related Sacharomyces cerevisiae CTD kinase Kin28 and the HIT protein Hnt1. Furthermore, combination of a disruption of HNT1 and a KIN28 temperature-sensitive allele in S. cerevisiae led to highly elongated cell morphology and reduced colony formation, indicating a genetic interaction between KIN28 and HNT1. The physical and genetic interactions of Hint and Hnt1 with Cdk7 and Kin28 suggest a role for this class of histidine triad proteins in the regulation of Cdk7 and Kin28 functions.
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PMID:Interactions of Cdk7 and Kin28 with Hint/PKCI-1 and Hnt1 histidine triad proteins. 1095 87

cDNAs encoding cyclin H homologs were isolated from poplar (Populus tremula X tremuloides) and rice (Oryza sativa) plants, and were designated Pt;cycH;1 and Os;cycH;1, respectively. The deduced amino-acid sequences showed 40-60% similarity to human cyclin H and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mcs2, with higher similarity in the cyclin box region. While Pt;cycH;1 and Os;cycH;1 were expressed in all tissues examined, the transcripts accumulated abundantly in dividing cells. Expression of Os;cycH;1 was abundant in the S-phase in partially synchronized suspension cells, and was induced by submergence in internodes of deepwater rice. A yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that both Pt;CycH;1 and Os;CycH;1 were able to interact with rice R2 kinase, which is structurally and functionally similar to cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK) of vertebrates. Moreover, an in vitro pull-down assay showed that Os;CycH;1 specifically bound to R2 but not to other rice CDKs. When R2 was expressed in budding yeast CAK mutant, the suppression activity in terms of temperature-sensitivity was enhanced by co-expression with Os;cycH;1. Furthermore, in vitro kinase assay indicated that the kinase activities of R2 on CDKs and the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II were markedly elevated by binding to Os;CycH;1. Our results suggest that cyclin H is a regulatory subunit of CAK, which positively controls CDK- and CTD-kinase activities in plant cells.
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PMID:Activation of CDK-activating kinase is dependent on interaction with H-type cyclins in plants. 1102

The RNA polymerase II general transcription factor TFIIH is composed of 9 known subunits and possesses DNA helicase and protein kinase activities. The kinase subunits of TFIIH in animal cells, Cdk7, cyclin H, and MAT1, were independently isolated as an activity termed CAK (Cdk-activating kinase), which phosphorylates and activates cell cycle kinases. However, CAK activity of TFIIH subunits could not be demonstrated in budding yeast. TFB3, the 38-kDa subunit of yeast TFIIH, is the homolog of mammalian MAT1. By random mutagenesis we have isolated a temperature-sensitive mutation in the conserved RING domain. The mutant Tfb3 protein associates less efficiently with the kinase moiety of TFIIH than the wild type protein. In contrast to lethal mutants in other subunits of TFIIH, this mutation does not impair general transcription. Transcription of CLB2, and possibly other genes, is reduced in the mutant. At the restrictive temperature, the cells display a defect in cell cycle progression, which is manifest at more than one phase of the cycle. To conclude, in the present study we bring another demonstration of the multifunctional nature of TFIIH.
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PMID:Mutations in the RING domain of TFB3, a subunit of yeast transcription factor IIH, reveal a role in cell cycle progression. 1217 78

General transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) consists of nine subunits: cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (Cdk7), cyclin H and MAT1 (forming the Cdk-activating-kinase or CAK complex), the two helicases Xpb/Hay and Xpd, and p34, p44, p52 and p62 (refs 1-3). As the kinase subunit of TFIIH, Cdk7 participates in basal transcription by phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. As part of CAK, Cdk7 also phosphorylates other Cdks, an essential step for their activation. Here we show that the Drosophila TFIIH component Xpd negatively regulates the cell cycle function of Cdk7, the CAK activity. Excess Xpd titrates CAK activity, resulting in decreased Cdk T-loop phosphorylation, mitotic defects and lethality, whereas a decrease in Xpd results in increased CAK activity and cell proliferation. Moreover, Xpd is downregulated at the beginning of mitosis when Cdk1, a cell cycle target of Cdk7, is most active. Downregulation of Xpd thus seems to contribute to the upregulation of mitotic CAK activity and to regulate mitotic progression positively. Simultaneously, the downregulation of Xpd might be a major mechanism of mitotic silencing of basal transcription.
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PMID:Xpd/Ercc2 regulates CAK activity and mitotic progression. 1285 65

The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), comprising CDK9 and cyclin T, stimulates transcription of cellular and viral genes by phosphorylating RNA polymerase II. A major portion of nuclear P-TEFb is sequestered and inactivated by the coordinated actions of the 7SK snRNA and the HEXIM1 protein, whose induced dissociation from P-TEFb is crucial for stress-induced transcription and pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. The 7SK.P-TEFb interaction, which can occur independently of HEXIM1 and does not by itself inhibit P-TEFb, recruits HEXIM1 for P-TEFb inactivation. To study the control of this interaction, we established an in vitro system that reconstituted the specific interaction of P-TEFb with 7SK but not other snRNAs. Using this system, together with an in vivo binding assay, we show that the phosphorylation of CDK9, on possibly the conserved Thr-186 in the T-loop, was crucial for the 7SK.P-TEFb interaction. This phosphorylation was not caused by CDK9 autophosphorylation or the general CDK-activating kinase CAK, but rather by a novel HeLa nuclear kinase. Furthermore, the stress-induced disruption of the 7SK.P-TEFb interaction was not caused by any prohibitive changes in 7SK but by the dephosphorylation of P-TEFb, leading to the loss of the key phosphorylation important for 7SK binding. Thus, the phosphorylated P-TEFb is tagged for inhibition through association with 7SK. We discuss the implications of this mechanism in controlling P-TEFb activity during normal and stress-induced transcription.
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PMID:Phosphorylated positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is tagged for inhibition through association with 7SK snRNA. 1462 2

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD) are genetic disorders with very different clinical features, but all associated with defects in nucleotide excision repair. Defects in the XPA or XPC genes confer sensitivity to UV carcinogenesis in both humans and mice, but only XPA(-/-) mice have increased acute responses to UV exposure, whereas XPC(-/-) mice are normal in this respect. Both XPE and XPF proteins have functions separate from their role in NER, but the exact nature of these functions has not yet been established. The CSA and CSB genes responsible for CS are both components of complexes associated with RNA polymerase II and their role is thought to be in assisting polII in dealing with transcription blocks. XPB and XPD proteins are components of transcription factor TFIIH, which is involved in both basal and activated transcription. XPB is part of the core of TFIIH and has a central role in transcription, whereas XPD connects the core to the CAK subcomplex, and can tolerate many different mutations. Subtle differences in the effects of these different mutations on the many activities of TFIIH and on its stability determine the clinical outcomes, which can be XP, TTD, XP with CS, XP with TTD or COFS. Features of single and double mutant mice indicate that the neurological and ageing features associated with these disorders result from the defects in NER in association with the transcriptional deficiencies. Skin tumours in XP patients have mutations characteristic of UV-induction in the ras, p53 and ptch genes, showing that sunlight-induced mutations in these genes are important in carcinogenesis in XP patients.
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PMID:DNA repair-deficient diseases, xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy. 1472 16

The fission yeast Mcs6-Mcs2-Pmh1 complex, homologous to metazoan Cdk7-cyclin H-Mat1, has dual functions in cell division and transcription: as a partially redundant cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK) that phosphorylates the major cell cycle CDK, Cdc2, on Thr-167; and as the RNA polymerase (Pol) II carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) kinase associated with transcription factor (TF) IIH. We analyzed conditional mutants of mcs6 and pmh1, which activate Cdc2 normally but cannot complete cell division at restrictive temperature and arrest with decreased CTD phosphorylation. Transcriptional profiling by microarray hybridization revealed only modest effects on global gene expression: a one-third reduction in a severe mcs6 mutant after prolonged incubation at 36 degrees C. In contrast, a small subset of transcripts ( approximately 5%) decreased by more than twofold after Mcs6 complex function was compromised. The signature of repressed genes overlapped significantly with those of cell separation mutants sep10 and sep15. Sep10, a component of the Pol II Mediator complex, becomes essential in mcs6 or pmh1 mutant backgrounds. Moreover, transcripts dependent on the forkhead transcription factor Sep1, which are expressed coordinately during mitosis, were repressed in Mcs6 complex mutants, and Mcs6 also interacts genetically with Sep1. Thus, the Mcs6 complex, a direct activator of Cdc2, also influences the cell cycle transcriptional program, possibly through its TFIIH-associated kinase function.
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PMID:Impairment of the TFIIH-associated CDK-activating kinase selectively affects cell cycle-regulated gene expression in fission yeast. 1582 70

The baculovirus expression vector system is recognized as a powerful and versatile tool for producing large quantities of recombinant proteins that cannot be obtained in Escherichia coli. Here we report (i) the purification of the recombinant cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK) complex, which includes CDK7, cyclin H, and MAT1 proteins, and (ii) the functional characterization of CAK together with a detailed analysis and mapping of the phosphorylation states and sites using mass spectrometry (MS). In vitro kinase assay showed that recombinant CAK is able to phosphorylate the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2 implicated in cell cycle progression and the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. An original combination of MS techniques was used for the determination of the phosphorylation sites of each constitutive subunit at both protein and peptide levels. Liquid chromatography (LC)-MS analysis of intact proteins demonstrated that none of the CAK subunits was fully modified and that the phosphorylation pattern of recombinant CAK is extremely heterogeneous. Finally, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS and nanoLC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques were used for the analysis of the major phosphorylation sites of each subunit, showing that all correspond to Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylations occurred on Ser164 and Thr170 residues of CDK7, Thr315 residue of cyclin H, and Ser279 residue of MAT1.
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PMID:Analysis of recombinant phosphoprotein complexes with complementary mass spectrometry approaches. 2062 69


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