Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase)
 34,946 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over 1 million people in the United States are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which may progress to AIDS. The use of antiviral therapy has successfully controlled the rate of viral growth in patients. Antiviral agents improve the quality of life and reduce the potential for spreading HIV; HIV is currently considered a chronic disease provided patients are compliant with their antiviral medications. Tenofovir is a nucleoside transcriptase inhibitor that prevents viral replication and is approved for treatment of HIV and chronic hepatitis B infection. Tenofovir is an antiretroviral drug used alone and in combination with other nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor agents to lower viral load in HIV patients. Tenofovir is administered as a prodrug to increase bioavailability. The prodrug forms of tenofovir are tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, approved in 2001, and tenofovir alafenamide, approved in 2016. Tenofovir is extensively used in controlling HIV, as it is administered once daily, allowing for good compliance. This minireview discusses the impact of food, age, and drug transporters on tenofovir absorption and clearance. The changes in dosing that are needed in the presence of renal impairment, which is a common occurrence with HIV chronic disease progression, will also be discussed. The potential special conditions occurring with fixed-combination doses containing tenofovir will also be reviewed, including the use of cobicistat, a cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor. The short review also addresses some newer preparations using niosomes to improve tenofovir absorption and delivery to the target cells.
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PMID:Factors Contributing to the Antiviral Effectiveness of Tenofovir. 2886 Mar 52

Although the mortality rate of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is relatively low, the recurrence rates of PTC remain high. The high recurrence rates are related to the difficulties in treatment. Gene expression profiles has provided novel insights into potential therapeutic targets and molecular biomarkers of PTC. The aim of the present study was to identify mRNA signatures which may categorize PTCs into high-and low-risk subgroups and aid with the predictions for prognoses. The mRNA expression profiles of PTC and normal thyroid tissue samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differentially expressed mRNAs were identified using the 'EdgeR' software package. Gene signatures associated with the overall survival of PTC were selected, and enrichment analysis was performed to explore the biological pathways and functions of the prognostic mRNAs using the Database for Visualization, Annotation and Integration Discovery. A signature model was established to investigate a specific and robust risk stratification for PTC. A total of 1,085 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified between the PTC and normal thyroid tissue samples. Among them, 361 mRNAs were associated with overall survival (P<0.05). A 5-mRNA prognostic signature for PTC (ADRA1B, RIPPLY3, PCOLCE, TEKT1 and SALL3) was identified to classify the patients into high-and low-risk subgroups. These prognostic mRNAs were enriched in Gene Ontology terms such as 'calcium ion binding', 'enzyme inhibitor activity', 'carbohydrate binding', 'transcriptional activator activity', 'RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding' and 'glutathione transferase activity', and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathways such as 'pertussis', 'ascorbate and aldarate metabolism', 'systemic lupus erythematosus', 'drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 and 'complement and coagulation cascades'. The 5-mRNA signature model may be useful during consultations with patients with PTC to improve the prediction of their prognosis. In addition, the prognostic signature identified in the present study may reveal novel therapeutic targets for patients with PTC.
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PMID:Potential five-mRNA signature model for the prediction of prognosis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. 3278 47


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