Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to detect the molecular mechanism of heterosis in pigs, the mRNA differential display (DD) technique was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression in the Longissimus dorsi muscle tissues from Meishan (MS), Meishan x Large White (ML) cross and Large White (LW) pigs. One novel gene that was differentially expressed was identified using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and its full-length cDNA sequence was obtained using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is not homologous to any of the known porcine genes. The sequence prediction analysis revealed that the open reading frame of this gene encodes a protein of 104 amino acids that contains the putative conserved domain of the chemokine CXC which could be designated as chemokine cd00273 subgroup and this protein has high homology with the small inducible cytokine B10 precursor (CXCL10) of five species - dog(87%), human (84%), monkey (84%), mouse (75%) and rat (70%) - so that it can be defined as swine small inducible cytokine B10 precursor. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the swine CXCL10 has a closer genetic relationship with the CXCL10 of dog than with those of human, monkey, mouse and rat. The tissue expression analysis indicated that the swine CXCL10 gene is more highly expressed in muscle and weakly expressed in fat and kidney. The genomic sequence of swine CXCL10 gene was finally amplified and result revealed that the swine CXCL10 gene contains four exons and three introns. Our experiment is the first to establish the primary foundation for further research on the swine CXCL10 gene.
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PMID:Isolation, sequence analysis and expression profile of a novel porcine gene, CXCL10, differentially expressed in the Longissimus dorsi muscle tissues from Meishan, Meishan x Large White cross and Large White pigs. 1767 71

Terminal erythroid differentiation in mammals is the process whereby nucleated precursor cells accumulate erythroid-specific proteins such as hemoglobin, undergo extensive cellular and nuclear remodeling, and ultimately shed their nuclei to form reticulocytes, which then become mature erythrocytes in the circulation. Little is known about the mechanisms that enable erythroblasts to undergo such a transformation. We hypothesized that genes involved in these mechanisms were likely expressed at restricted times during the differentiation process and used differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction as a first step in identifying such genes. We identified three differentially expressed cDNAs that we termed late erythroblast (LEB) 1-3. None of these cDNAs were previously identified as being expressed in erythroblasts and their patterns of expression indicated they are likely to be involved in the differentiation process. LEB-1 cDNA was derived from the gene A330102K04Rik (approved gene symbol Apoll1), and shares homology with members of the apolipoprotein L family in humans. LEB-3 cDNA was derived from the novel gene D930015E06Rik, that has no known function. LEB-2 cDNA was derived from the gene ranBP16 (approved gene symbol Xpo7), a nuclear exportin. D930015E06Rik mRNA is also strongly expressed in the testis and was localized to a region of the seminiferous tubule where secondary spermatocytes and early spermatids are found, suggesting a role for D930015E06Rik in spermatogenesis as well as terminal erythroid differentiation. We have thus identified three genes not previously described as being expressed in erythroblasts that could be relevant in elucidating mechanisms involved in terminal erythroid differentiation.
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PMID:Differential gene expression during terminal erythroid differentiation. 1776 92

In order to detect the molecular mechanism of heterosis in pigs, the mRNA differential display technique was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle tissues from Meishan, Meishan x Large White cross and Large White pigs. One novel gene that was differentially expressed was identified using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and its full-length cDNA sequence was obtained using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is not homologous to any of the known porcine genes. Sequence analysis revealed that open reading frame of this gene encoding a protein of 105 amid acids and this protein showed 100% homology to bovine and ovine CYCS, and therefore, this gene can be defined as the swine CYCS gene. The genomic sequence of swine CYCS gene was finally amplified and result revealed that the swine CYCS gene contains no introns. Tissue expression profile analysis revealed that swine CYCS gene was highly expressed in muscle, fat and lung, moderately expressed in ovary, kidney, and liver, and weekly expressed in heart, spleen and small intestine. Our results established the primary foundation for further research into the biological significance of swine CYCS gene.
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PMID:Molecular characterization and expression profile of a novel porcine gene differentially expressed in the muscle tissues from Meishan, Large White and their hybrids. 1793 97

The regulatory factor X (RFX) family of transcription factors has been recently implicated in gene regulation during spermatogenesis. However, the relative expression of individual members during this developmental process is not completely characterized, particularly in the case of Rfx4, which has multiple transcript variants in the testis. We used reverse transcriptase-dependent real-time PCR, 5'-RACE cloning, and Western blotting to compare transcripts and protein levels for this family in cell populations from the three major phases of spermatogenesis (mitotic, meiotic, and haploid). Transcripts for Rfx1-4 were present at trace to low levels in spermatogonia prepared from 8-day-old mice. Transcripts for both Rfx2 and Rfx4 were elevated in mid-late pachytene spermatocytes; however, the dominant Rfx4 transcript present begins at a downstream exon and lacks the DNA binding domain. Transcripts for all four genes were elevated in early haploid cells (round spermatids). In these cells Rfx4 transcripts originate primarily from a newly described promoter with intron 1 but are expected to be translationally compromised due to a poorly situated start codon. Western blotting confirmed that RFX2 is greatly elevated beginning in meiosis and also confirmed that full-length RFX4 protein is not prevalent in mouse testis at any stage. These results imply that RFX2 is the most likely X box binding factor to influence novel gene expression during meiosis, that RFX1-3 may all play roles in haploid cells but that RFX4 is much less prevalent than implied by its high transcript levels.
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PMID:Differential expression of Rfx1-4 during mouse spermatogenesis. 1959 83

The proliferation associated nuclear element 1 (PANE1) is a novel gene that is involved in immune response besides its primary role in centromere assembly. Different PANE1 transcripts show a distinct expression patterns in resting and activated CD19+ cells. In this study, we cloned and characterized the cDNA sequence of porcine PANE1, which shares high sequence identity with their mammalian counterparts. Chromosome localization by INRA IMpRH panel assigned this gene to SSC 5p14-p15, and it was closely linked to porcine ACO2 and CYP25 genes (61cR, LOD score 4.91). The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that porcine PANE1 gene was differently expressed in seven diverse tissues, showed highest expression level in lymph node, but lowest in kidney. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (C>A) which can be digested by restriction enzyme BssHII was identified in intron 1 of porcine PANE1, allele frequencies determination in different pig breeds and association analysis were performed on this SNP BssHII by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Allele frequencies varied greatly among different pig breeds, and the association results indicated that piglet individuals with the AA genotype had significantly higher levels of lymphocyte percentage (LYMPH%) (17 days) (P = 0.0218), mean corpuscular volume (32 days) (P = 0.0314) and absolute value of lymphocyte (LYMPH#) (32 days) (P = 0.0356), but lower (P < 0.0001) birth weight than those with other two genotypes.
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PMID:Molecular characterization and association analysis of porcine PANE1 gene. 1971 Nov 93

Cytogenetic aberrations are important prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, about 50% of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases have normal karyotype. These patients are very heterogenous with respect to acquired gene mutations and gene expression changes. The identification of these genetic alterations may lead to improved prognostification and generation of novel risk-adapted therapies. The aim of this work was to study the prognostic impact of mutations in the myeloid transcription factor gene CEBPA (for CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha) and expression of the BAALC gene (for brain and acute leukemia, cytoplasmic), a novel gene involved in leukemia, in 38 adults with AML and normal cytogenetics. Screening for mutations of CEBPA gene was assessed using PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), and BAALC expression was determined by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in blood or bone marrow samples. CEBPA mutations were found in 7 (18.4%) of 38 patients, 36.8 % (14 of 38) had low BAALC expression and 63.2 % (24 of 38) had high BAALC expression. Patients with CEBPA mutations had favorable course of their disease. They had higher rate of complete remission (CR) (85.7 % vs 51.6 %; P = 0.108), lower incidence of relapse (0% vs. 41.9%; P = 0.038). Disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly longer for patients with CEBPA mutations compared with patients without mutations (mean 13.65 +/- 5.41 vs. 7.32 +/- 4.33 months, P = 0.047; mean 15.32 +/- 6.5 vs 8.5 +/- 3.21 months, P = 0.039; respectively). Compared to low BAALC expressers, high BAALC expressers had lower incidence of CR (50% vs 71.4%; P = 0.171), higher incidence of relapse (50% vs. 14.3%; P = 0.029), and showed significantly shorter DFS (mean 7.5 +/- 2.12 vs. 11.67 +/- 4.6 months, P = 0.038) and inferior overall survival (mean 9.1 +/- 3.52 vs. 13.22 +/- 4.21 months, P = 0.024). On multivariable analysis, wild-type CEBPA as well as high BAALC expression were confirmed as independent risk factors predicting inferior DFS (CEBPA, hazard ratio 0.066, P = 0.001; BAALC, hazard ratio 3.98, P = 0.003) and inferior OS (CEBPA, hazard ratio 0.125, P = 0.002; BAALC, hazard ratio 4.215, P = 0.001). Data obtained in this study suggest that CEBPA mutation status and BAALC expression are important prognostic factors in AML patients with normal cytogenetics and their incorporation into novel risk-adapted therapeutic strategies may improve the currently disappointing cure rate of this group of patients.
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PMID:Prognostic significance of CEBPA mutations and BAALC expression in acute myeloid leukemia Egyptian patients with normal karyotype. 2030 78

"Metallosphaera yellowstonensis" is a thermoacidophilic archaeon isolated from Yellowstone National Park that is capable of autotrophic growth using Fe(II), elemental S, or pyrite as electron donors. Analysis of the draft genome sequence from M. yellowstonensis strain MK1 revealed seven different copies of heme copper oxidases (subunit I) in a total of five different terminal oxidase complexes, including doxBCEF, foxABCDEFGHIJ, soxABC, and the soxM supercomplex, as well as a novel hypothetical two-protein doxB-like polyferredoxin complex. Other genes found in M. yellowstonensis with possible roles in S and or Fe cycling include a thiosulfate oxidase (tqoAB), a sulfite oxidase (som), a cbsA cytochrome b(558/566), several small blue copper proteins, and a novel gene sequence coding for a putative multicopper oxidase (Mco). Results from gene expression studies, including reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitative PCR (qPCR) of cultures grown autotrophically on either Fe(II), pyrite, or elemental S showed that the fox gene cluster and mco are highly expressed under conditions where Fe(II) is an electron donor. Metagenome sequence and gene expression studies of Fe-oxide mats confirmed the importance of fox genes (e.g., foxA and foxC) and mco under Fe(II)-oxidizing conditions. Protein modeling of FoxC suggests a novel lysine-lysine or lysine-arginine heme B binding domain, indicating that it is likely the cytochrome component of a heterodimer complex with foxG as a ferredoxin subunit. Analysis of mco shows that it encodes a novel multicopper blue protein with two plastocyanin type I copper domains that may play a role in the transfer of electrons within the Fox protein complex. An understanding of metabolic pathways involved in aerobic iron and sulfur oxidation in Sulfolobales has broad implications for understanding the evolution and niche diversification of these thermophiles as well as practical applications in fields such as bioleaching of trace metals from pyritic ores.
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PMID:Terminal oxidase diversity and function in "Metallosphaera yellowstonensis": gene expression and protein modeling suggest mechanisms of Fe(II) oxidation in the sulfolobales. 2123 58

The mRNA differential display technique was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression in the liver tissues from Meishan and Large White pigs. One novel gene that was differentially expressed was identified through semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the cDNA complete sequence was then obtained using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is not homologous to any of the known porcine genes. The sequence prediction analysis revealed that the open reading frame of this gene encoding a protein of 501 amino acids has high homology with the lipase, hepatic (LIPC) of seven species--cattle (82%), rhesus monkey (79%), chimpanzee (78%), rabbit (77%), human (78%), mouse (73%) and rat (72%)--so that it can be defined as the swine LIPC gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the swine LIPC gene has a closer genetic relationship with the LIPC of cattle. Tissue expression profile analysis indicated that the swine LIPC gene is also differentially expressed in other detected tissues from Meishan and Large White pigs. Our experiment suggested that the swine LIPC gene might play an important role in the superabundant fat deposition of Chinese pigs.
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PMID:A novel porcine gene, LIPC, differentially expressed in the liver tissues from Meishan and Large White pigs. 2132 95

High-throughput gene expression profiling from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues has become a reality, and several methods are now commercially available. The Illumina whole-genome complementary DNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation assay (Illumina, Inc) is a full-transcriptome version of the original 512-gene complementary DNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation assay, allowing high-throughput profiling of 24,526 annotated genes from degraded and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded RNA. This assay has the potential to allow identification of novel gene signatures associated with clinical outcome using banked archival pathology specimen resources. We tested the reproducibility of the whole-genome complementary DNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation assay and its sensitivity for detecting differentially expressed genes in RNA extracted from matched fresh and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cells, after 1 and 13 months of storage, using the human breast cell lines MCF7 and MCF10A. Then, using tumor worst pattern of invasion as a classifier, 1 component of the "risk model," we selected 12 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded oral squamous cell carcinomas for whole-genome complementary DNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation assay analysis. We profiled 5 tumors with nonaggressive, nondispersed pattern of invasion, and 7 tumors with aggressive dispersed pattern of invasion and satellites scattered at least 1 mm apart. To minimize variability, the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were prepared from snap-frozen tissues, and RNA was obtained within 24 hours of fixation. One hundred four down-regulated genes and 72 up-regulated genes in tumors with aggressive dispersed pattern of invasion were identified. We performed quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction validation of 4 genes using Taqman assays and in situ protein detection of 1 gene by immunohistochemistry. Functional cluster analysis of genes up-regulated in tumors with aggressive pattern of invasion suggests presence of genes involved in cellular cytoarchitecture, some of which already associated with tumor invasion. Identification of these genes provides biologic rationale for our histologic classification, with regard to tumor invasion, and demonstrates that the whole-genome complementary DNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation assay is a powerful assay for profiling degraded RNA from archived specimens when combined with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction validation.
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PMID:Illumina whole-genome complementary DNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation platform: assessing its performance in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples and identifying invasion pattern-related genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. 2168 79

Chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the fusion of coding parts from two genes or in the exchange of regulatory sequences are present in approximately 20% of all human neoplasms. More than 1000 such gene fusions have now been described, with close to 100 of them in soft tissue tumours. Although little is still known about the functional outcome of many of these gene fusions, it is well established that most of them have a major impact on tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the strong association between type of gene fusion and morphological subtype makes them highly useful diagnostic markers. Until recently, the vast majority of gene fusions were identified through molecular cytogenetic characterization of rearrangements detected at chromosome banding analysis, followed by use of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, notably of whole transcriptomes or all poly-A(+) mRNA molecules, the possibility of detecting new gene fusions has increased dramatically. Already, a large number of novel gene fusions have been identified through NGS approaches and it can be predicted that these technologies soon will become standard diagnostic clinical tools.
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PMID:Evolving techniques for gene fusion detection in soft tissue tumours. 2432 Aug 90


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