Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have recently identified a novel gene, named CIKS (Connection to IKK-complex and SAPK), able to activate the transcription factor NF-kappaB, after interaction with the regulatory subunit NEMO/IKKgamma of IKK complex, and the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK. CIKS mRNA is ubiquitously expressed, although its levels differ greatly among different tissues. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize the promoter region of CIKS gene and to analyse the regulation of its expression by different cytokines. The transcription start site of CIKS mRNA was mapped both by primer extension and by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategy. The proximal 5'-flanking region of CIKS gene was 'TATA-less', but contained other consensus promoter elements including an initiator (Inr), 'GC' and 'CAAT' boxes. Transfection of luciferase reporter plasmids containing 1.8 kb of the 5'-flanking region increased luciferase activity in epithelial MDCK cells, but not in endothelial HUVEC cells. Deletion analysis identified a sequence from -464 to -220 bp of the 5'-flanking region of CIKS gene essential for basal promoter activity in MDCK cells. Competitive reverse transcriptase-PCR, Northern and Western blot assays showed that different cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, Interleukin (IL)-1beta and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, dramatically increased CIKS mRNA expression in HeLa cells. We conclude that the proximal 5'-flanking region of CIKS gene contains a functional promoter and binding sites for nuclear proteins leading to its basal transcription. Moreover, we demonstrate that the expression of CIKS is up-regulated by different cytokines.
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PMID:Promoter identification of CIKS, a novel NF-kappaB activating gene, and regulation of its expression. 1270 92

Cytogenetic aberrations are important prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Of adults with de novo AML, 45% lack cytogenetic abnormalities, and identification of predictive molecular markers might improve therapy. We studied the prognostic impact of BAALC (Brain And Acute Leukemia, Cytoplasmic), a novel gene involved in leukemia, in 86 de novo AML patients with normal cytogenetics who were uniformly treated on Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9621. BAALC expression was determined by comparative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in pretreatment blood samples, and patients were dichotomized at BAALC's median expression into low and high expressers. Low expressers had higher white counts (P =.03) and more frequent French-American-British M5 morphology (P =.007). Compared to low expressers, high BAALC expressers showed significantly inferior overall survival (OS; median, 1.7 vs 5.8 years, P =.02), event-free survival (EFS; median, 0.8 vs 4.9 years, P =.03), and disease-free survival (DFS; median, 1.4 vs 7.3 years, P =.03). Multivariable analysis confirmed high BAALC expression as an independent risk factor. For high BAALC expressers the hazard ratio of an event for OS, EFS, and DFS was respectively 2.7, 2.6, and 2.2. We conclude that high BAALC expression predicts an adverse prognosis and may define an important risk factor in AML with normal cytogenetics.
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PMID:BAALC expression predicts clinical outcome of de novo acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal cytogenetics: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. 1275 Jan 67

Phytoestrogens are a group of compounds present in human diet that display estrogenic-like properties. Several studies have demonstrated that populations who consume large quantities of phytoestrogens have a reduced risk of estrogen-dependent cancers. Although it has been shown that certain phytoestrogens modulate estrogen action, their biological role in cancer reduction remains unclear. Through the use of differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and representational difference analysis of cDNA, we have identified several phytoestrogen-responsive genes from the human breast cancer cell MCF-7. Two of these genes, PE-13.1 and pRDA-D, have been characterized in greater detail in this study. These genes were not previously known to be regulated by phytoestrogen or estradiol. PE-13.1 is a novel gene that specifies the coding of a 1.10-kb mRNA transcript. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the PE-13.1 transcript is up-regulated by phytoestrogens (Genistein, sevenfold; Zearalenone, twofold) and is nonresponsive to estradiol. Conversely, the pRDA-D transcript was down-regulated by both phytoestrogens and estradiol. The antiestrogen ICI-182,780 inhibits the expression of PE-13.1 and reverses the inhibition of pRDA-D expression induced by phytoestrogens and estradiol. Analysis of the tissue distribution of PE-13.1 transcript by RNA blot reveals that this transcript is expressed in both normal and tumor tissues. This report demonstrates for the first time the presence of two phytoestrogen-responsive genes that may be used as molecular markers in understanding the role dietary estrogen plays in cancer prevention.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of a phytoestrogen-specific gene from the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell. 1294 47

Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a compound widely used as a plasticizer in the production of polyvinyl chloride products. Chronic exposure to DINP leads to liver cancer in rats and mice. Many phthalates are considered to be relatively weak peroxisome proliferators (PP), a group of rodent hepatocarcinogens that cause a variety of adaptive responses in liver through the PP-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). The objectives of this study were to determine whether DINP-induced effects in the liver associated with carcinogenesis are mediated by PPARalpha and to identify novel gene targets of DINP. Male and female SV129 wild-type, SV129 PPARalpha-null, and B6C3F1 mice were administered DINP by gavage or in the feed. Transcript profile technology and reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to identify gene targets. Dose-dependent increases in relative liver weights were dependent on PPARalpha in 10- or 12-week-old male and female mice and 30-week-old male mice. Female 30-week-old mice exhibited PPARalpha-independent increases in relative liver weights. Increases in hepatocyte proliferation, palmitoyl-CoA oxidase (PCO) activity, and levels of enzymes involved in beta- and omega-oxidation of fatty acids were shown to be dependent on PPARalpha. Five novel genes were shown to be altered in the livers of female wild-type mice after a 3-week exposure, but not in PPARalpha-null, mice. These genes included those involved in DNA repair and recombination (ATP-dependent helicase and Endonuclease III homolog), drug metabolism (Cyp2a4) and protein trafficking (FKBP-1, FKBP-13). An additional gene (Cyp2d9) was shown to be down-regulated in wild-type mice but up-regulated in PPARalpha-null mice indicating more complex regulation by PPARalpha and additional factors. These data support the hypothesis that PPARalpha plays a dominant role in mediating the effects associated with hepatocarcinogenesis after DINP exposure.
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PMID:Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in responses to diisononyl phthalate. 1296 24

The mRNA differential display technique was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression in the Longissimus dorsi muscle tissues from LandracexLarge White cross-combination. One novel gene that was differentially expressed was identified using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and its complete cDNA sequence was obtained using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is not homologous to any of the known porcine genes. The sequence prediction analysis revealed that the open reading frame of this gene encodes a protein of 260 amino acids that contains the putative conserved domain of the carbonic anhydrase, and this protein has high homology with the carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) of four species mouse (91%), horse (91%), rat (89%) and human (86%)-so that it can be defined as swine carbonic anhydrase III. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the swine CA-III has a closer genetic relationship with the horse CA-III than with those of mouse, rat and human. The tissue expression analysis indicated that the swine CA-III gene is generally expressed in most tissues. Our experiment is the first to establish the primary foundation for further research on the swine CA-III gene.
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PMID:Isolation, sequence analysis and expression profile of a novel swine gene differentially expressed in the Longissimus dorsi muscle tissues from LandracexLarge white cross-combination. 1575 21

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a critical role in the progression of renal fibrosis. The activity of TGF-beta is tightly controlled by various mechanisms, among which antagonizing Smad-mediated gene transcription by co-repressors represents one of the important components. We investigated the expression, degradation, and ubiquitination of Smad transcriptional co-repressors SnoN (ski-related novel gene N) and Ski (Sloan-Kettering Institute proto-oncogene) in renal fibrogenesis. We also studied the involvement of Smad-ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2) in ubiquitination of SnoN protein. The kidneys of mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and those of sham-operated mice were used. Renal lesions and the expression of TGF-beta1, type I collagen, SnoN, Ski, and Smurf2 were examined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and/or real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Degradation and ubiquitination of SnoN/Ski proteins were also investigated. The obstructed kidneys of UUO mice showed progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis, high expression levels of TGF-beta1, type I collagen, SnoN and Ski mRNAs, and low levels of SnoN and Ski proteins. Both degradation and ubiquitination of SnoN/Ski proteins were markedly increased in the obstructed kidneys, in which Smurf2 expression was increased. Smurf2 immunodepletion in extracts of obstructed kidneys resulted in reduced ubiquitination of SnoN. Our results suggest that the reduction of SnoN/Ski proteins resulting from increased ubiquitin-dependent degradation is involved in the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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PMID:Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of SnoN and Ski is increased in renal fibrosis induced by obstructive injury. 1668 90

Ras-related, estrogen-regulated, and growth-inhibitory gene (RERG) is a novel gene that was first reported in breast cancer. However, the functions of RERG are largely unknown in other tumor types. In this study, RERG expression was analyzed in hepatocellular carcinomas of human patients using reverse transcriptase PCR analysis. In addition, the possible regulation of RERG expression by histone deacetyltransferases (HDACs) was studied in several cell lines. Interestingly, the expression of RERG gene was increased in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of male patients (57.9%) but decreased in HCC of females (87.5%) comparison with paired peri-tumoral tissues. Moreover, RERG gene expression was increased in murine hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells, human breast tumor MDA-MB-231 cells, and mouse normal fibroblast NIH3T3 cells after treated by HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A. Our results suggest that RERG may function in a gender-dependent manner in hepatic tumorigenesis and that the expression of this gene may be regulated by an HDAC-related signaling pathway.
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PMID:Expression of the RERG gene is gender-dependent in hepatocellular carcinoma and regulated by histone deacetyltransferases. 1704 25

Testis-specific genes are essential for spermatogenesis in mammalian male reproduction. We have identified a novel gene, Tsc21, exclusively expressed in mice and human testes from the results of the Affymetrix Genechip analysis in the six developmental stages of testis of postnatal Balb/C mice. The full cDNA length of Tsc21 was 810 bp, with a 543 bp open reading frame encoding a 180 amino acids protein with a predicted molecular weight of 21.040 kDa. A Blast search in the mouse genome database localized the Tsc21 gene to mice chromosome 6C3. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment of human, mouse, and rat homologous genes showed that mice Tsc21 protein was highly homologous with the human Tsc21 gene (70%) and rat Tsc21 gene (86%). The results of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the mice Tsc21 is exclusively expressed in the testis and epididymis of mice, and its expression is only detected after the mice is 35 days old. Human Tsc21 is also exclusively expressed in testis of human. Considering the expression profile Tsc21 in mice and human, we propose that Tsc21 may play a role during mammalian male spermatogenesis. Our study should be a basis for function characterization of the Tsc21 gene, leading to the elucidation of the molecular events underlying mammalian male reproduction.
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PMID:Identification and characteristics of a novel testis-specific gene, Tsc21, in mice and human. 1709 36

In order to detect the molecular mechanism of heterosis in pigs, the mRNA differential display technique was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression in the Longissimus dorsi muscle tissues from Meishan, Meishan x Large White cross and Large White pigs. One novel gene that was differentially expressed was identified using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and its complete cDNA sequence was obtained using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is not homologous to any of the known porcine genes. The sequence prediction analysis revealed that the open reading frame of this gene encodes a protein of 180 amino acids that contains the conserved putative RNA-binding domain in PseudoUridine synthase and Archaeosine transglycosylase (PUA) and has high homology with the 60S ribosome subunit biogenesis protein NIP7 homolog of three species--human (98%), mouse (97%) and rat (96%)--so that it can be defined as swine 60S ribosome subunit biogenesis protein NIP7 homolog (NIP7). The tissue expression analysis indicated that the swine NIP7 gene is over expressed in muscle, heart, liver, fat, kidney, and lung, but weakly expressed in small intestine, ovary, and spleen. The genomic DNA sequence of swine NIP7 gene was finally amplified and result revealed that the swine NIP7 gene contains five exons and four introns. Our experiment is the first to establish the primary foundation for further research on the swine NIP7 gene.
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PMID:Isolation, sequence analysis and expression profile of a novel porcine gene, NIP7, differentially expressed in the Longissimus dorsi muscle tissues from Meishan, Meishan x Large White cross and Large White pigs. 1718 24

The establishment of a reliable method for using RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue would provide an opportunity to obtain novel gene expression data from the vast amounts of archived tissue. A custom-designed 22,000 oligonucleotide array was used in the present study to compare the gene expression profile of colonic epithelial cells isolated by laser capture microdissection from FFPE-archived samples with that of the same cell population from matched frozen samples, the preferred source of RNA. Total RNA was extracted from FFPE tissues, amplified, and labeled using the Paradise Reagent System. The quality of the input RNA was assessed by the Bioanalyzer profile, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and agarose gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain reliable microarray data from FFPE samples using RNA acquired by laser capture microdissection. The concordance between matched FFPE and frozen samples was evaluated and expressed as a Pearson's correlation coefficient, with values ranging from 0.80 to 0.97. The presence of ribosomal RNA peaks in FFPE-derived RNA was reflected by a high correlation with paired frozen samples. A set of practical recommendations for evaluating the RNA integrity and quality in FFPE samples is reported.
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PMID:Successful application of microarray technology to microdissected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. 1725 38


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