Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pancreatic thread protein (PTP) is a major exocrine secretory protein that in vitro forms filamentous bundles reminiscent of the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously described increased PTP immunoreactivity in AD brains and now report high levels in the developing human brain. Using a full-length cloned bovine PTP cDNA and synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to human PTP cDNA, which is identical to human islet cell regeneration factor, we analyzed the expression of PTP in pancreas and brain. A major 0.9-kb as well as several minor transcripts were identified in human pancreas. In AD brain, the same size transcripts were detected by Northern analysis, primer extension assay, or polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNAs generated by reverse transcriptase assay. There were significantly higher levels of PTP mRNA in brains with AD compared with aged controls, with increased amounts of 1.2-, 0.6-, and 0.4-kb transcripts by Northern analysis. In situ hybridization localized expression to pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, the same population that contains neurofibrillary tangles and high levels of immunoreactive PTP. These findings suggest that AD is associated with enhanced expression of PTP-related transcripts with intraneuronal accumulation of PTP-like proteins.
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PMID:Enhanced expression of an exocrine pancreatic protein in Alzheimer's disease and the developing human brain. 239 26

Human intestinal trefoil factor, hITF, a secretory polypeptide found mainly in the human gastrointestinal tract, is a member of the newly characterized trefoil factor or P-domain peptide family representing putative growth factors. Here we describe the identification of this gut peptide in the human brain and pituitary. With reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we were able to isolate and clone the transcript from human hypothalamus. An antibody generated against a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl terminus of hITF was used for immunohistochemical studies of appropriate tissue sections. Neurons expressing hITF were identified in two magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, the paraventricular and periventricular nuclei. hITF polypeptide was also observed in Herring bodies of the neurohypophysis and in secretory cells of the adenohypophysis. Double immunostaining with antigrowth hormone antibody showed partial coexistence in a selected subpopulation of adenohypophysial cells. Localization of hITF in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system may suggest a modulatory action on the classical magnocellular nonapeptides vasopressin and oxytocin, and further indicates an adenohypophysial importance of this peptide. It is likely that hITF represents a novel neuropeptide of yet unknown function.
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PMID:Human intestinal trefoil factor is expressed in human hypothalamus and pituitary: evidence for a novel neuropeptide. 894 Feb 97

Prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94) has shown the potential to be a diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic agent for prostate cancer. Primates have been the main animal models for studying the biology of this molecule. We have cloned and analyzed the cDNA and promoter region of PSP94 from baboon (Papio anubis). Sequence divergence among baboon, monkey, pig, and human, in both the exons and 5'-flanking region indicates rapid evolution of the PSP94 gene. There are conserved steroid hormone response elements (SHRE) in the promoter region of all three primate species. Multiple, alternative transcripts starting near these SHREs and upstream to the TATA box were identified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA ends (5' RACE) in primate prostatic tissues. This differential transcription initiation may be linked to androgen regulation of PSP94 gene expression. PSP94 transcripts were detected by RT-PCR in a wide variety of mucus-secreting tissues. However, the alternative transcripts were found only in the prostate. The distribution of the PSP94 protein in baboon secretory tissues was also examined by Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody against the human homolog. A positive immunoreactive band was detected, but it was weak, due probably to epitope divergence between the two species. In all young, healthy primate animals tested, the level of immunoreactive PSP94 in prostate tissues was lower than expected. In addition, RT-PCR combined with Southern blot analysis on prostate tissues in these animals failed to detect the PSP57 mRNA produced by alternative splicing of PSP94 primary transcript. These observations can be explained by the sexual immaturity and incomplete prostate development in these young primates. This explanation was supported by histological examination of their prostate during PSP94 immunohistochemistry.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and gene expression analysis of PSP94 (prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids) in primates. 917 67

This study was undertaken to determine the modulation of uterine function by chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) in a nonhuman primate. Infusion of recombinant human CG (hCG) between days 6 and 10 post ovulation initiated the endoreplication of the uterine surface epithelium to form distinct epithelial plaques. These plaque cells stained intensely for cytokeratin and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The stromal fibroblasts below the epithelial plaques stained positively for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA). Expression of alphaSMA is associated with the initiation of decidualization in the baboon endometrium. Synthesis of the glandular secretory protein glycodelin, as assessed by Western blot analysis, was markedly up-regulated by hCG, and this increase was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, Northern blot analysis, and reverse transcriptase-PCR. To determine whether hCG directly modulated these uterine responses, we treated ovariectomized baboons sequentially with estradiol and progesterone to mimic the hormonal profile of the normal menstrual cycle. Infusion of hCG into the oviduct of steroid-hormone-treated ovariectomized baboons induced the expression of alphaSMA in the stromal cells and glycodelin in the glandular epithelium. The epithelial plaque reaction, however, was not readily evident. These studies demonstrate a physiological effect of CG on the uterine endometrium in vivo and suggest that the primate blastocyst signal, like the blastocyst signals of other species, modulates the uterine environment prior to implantation.
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PMID:Modulation of the baboon (Papio anubis) uterine endometrium by chorionic gonadotrophin during the period of uterine receptivity. 1005 79

The EP2 gene codes for a family of androgen-dependent, epididymis-specific secretory proteins. Using probes derived from human HE2 cDNA, a chimpanzee epididymal cDNA library was screened. Five variants of chimpanzee EP2 cDNA were identified. Variant 1 (EP2A) is the chimpanzee ortholog of HE2. Variant 2 (EP2B) has an alternative 5' end. Variant 3 (EP2C) has an alternative 3' end. Two additional variants were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Variant 4 (EP2D) and variant 5 (EP2E) appear to lack an exon, resulting in a shift in the open reading frame. Presumably, the 5 variants originate from the same gene and result from alternative promoters and alternative splicing. Each of the putative proteins encoded by these variant messages has a leader sequence characteristic for a secretory protein. After removal of the leader sequence, each of these proteins is predicted to consist of 1 or 2 out of 4 possible peptide modules. Two of these modules have no recognizable homology to known proteins. The other 2 modules have a distribution of cysteine residues characteristic for beta-defensins, a family of proteins with antimicrobial activity.
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PMID:Multiple promoter and splicing mRNA variants of the epididymis-specific gene EP2. 1081 50

The floor plate (FP) is a transient structure of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) which plays a key role in development driving cell differentiation and patterning in the ventral neural tube. The fact that antisera raised against subcommissural organ (SCO) secretion immunostain FP cells and react with high-molecular-mass proteins in FP extracts, prompted us to investigate the expression of a SCO-related polypeptide in FP cells. RNA from bovine FP was analyzed by means of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using primers derived from the 3' end of SCO-spondin which revealed products of 233, 237, 519 and 783 bp. Sequence analysis of the 233 bp PCR fragment confirmed the identity between this FP product and SCO-spondin. FP-translation of the SCO-spondin encoded polypeptide(s) was demonstrated by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry, using antisera raised against (i) the glycoproteins secreted by the bovine SCO, and (ii) a peptide derived from the open reading frame of the major SCO secretory protein, SCO-spondin, respectively. Additional evidence pointing to active transcription and translation of a SCO-spondin related gene was obtained in long term FP organ cultures. On the basis of partial sequence homologies of SCO-spondin with protein domains implicated in cell-cell contacts, cell-matrix interactions and neurite outgrowth it is possible to suggest that the SCO-spondin secreted by the FP is involved in CNS development.
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PMID:The floor plate cells from bovines express the mRNA encoding for SCO-spondin and its translation products. 1158 91

Intratracheal instillation studies have shown that exposure to silicon carbide whiskers (SiCW), an asbestos substitute, produces pulmonary fibrotic changes, suggesting that SiCW might have fibrogenic potential. It has been theorized that Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) plays a critical role in regulating the acute inflammatory response in the lung. The present study was conducted to investigate the time course of the expression of CCSP in lungs exposed to SiCW in vivo. Male Wistar rats were administered 2 mg or 10 mg of SiCW suspended in saline by a single intratracheal instillation and were sacrificed at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months of recovery time. The expression of CCSP was observed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunostaining. Exposure to 10 mg of SiCW decreased in levels of CCSP mRNA at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month and 6 months following intratracheal instillation. The protein level of CCSP in SiCW-exposed rats was decreased at 1 day, 3 days and 1 month after a single instillation of 2 and 10 mg. These findings suggest that CCSP are involved not only in the acute injury but also in the chronic injury of the lung exposed to SiCW.
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PMID:Expression of Clara cell secretory protein in the lungs of rats exposed to silicon carbide whisker in vivo. 1458 Aug 98

The aim was to evaluate the radioprotective properties of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF-20; CG53135-05) in vitro and in vivo and to examine its effects on known cellular pathways of radioprotection. Relative transcript levels of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), Mn-super oxide dismutase (SOD), CuZn-SOD, extracellular (EC)-SOD, nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and intestinal trefoil factor 3 (ITF3) genes, which are involved in radiation response pathways, were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in NIH/3T3, IEC18, CCD-18Co, CCD-1070sk and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cells exposed to FGF-20. Activation of the radioprotective signal transduction pathways initiating with the serine/threonine Akt kinase and the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) were analysed. Levels of intracellular hydrogen peroxide and cytosolic redox potential were also measured in irradiated and unirradiated cells in the presence or absence of FGF-20. The effects of FGF-20 on cell survival in vitro following ionizing radiation were evaluated using clonogenic assays. To test the potential activity of FGF-20 as a radioprotectant in vivo, mice were administered a single dose of FGF-20 (4 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 day before lethal total-body irradiation and evaluated for survival. In vitro exposure to FGF-20 increased expression of the Nrf2 transcription factor and oxygen radical scavenging enzymes such as MnSOD, activated signal transduction pathways (ERK and Akt) and resulted in increased survival of irradiated cells in vitro. FGF-20 treatment also resulted in a concomitant reduction in intracellular levels of injurious reactive oxygen species (ROS) following acute ionizing irradiation. Finally, prophylactic administration of FGF-20 to mice before potentially lethal, whole-body X-irradiation led to significant increases in overall survival. FGF-20 reduced the lethal effects of acute ionizing radiation exposure in cells by up-regulating important signalling and free radical scavenging pathways. Survival-sparing effects of FGF-20 prophylaxis in acutely irradiated mice presumably are elicited by comparable mechanisms. These results indicate that FGF-20, has significant radioprotective attributes with potential applications in clinical and non-clinical exposure settings.
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PMID:Human fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF-20; CG53135-05): a novel cytoprotectant with radioprotective potential. 1629 38

Taste receptor cells (TRCs) are the sensory cells of taste transduction and are organized into taste buds embedded in the epithelium of the tongue, palate, pharynx, and larynx. Several studies have demonstrated that TRCs involved in sweet as well as bitter and umami responses express alpha-gustducin, an alpha-subunit of the G-protein complex. It has been further demonstrated that this typical taste protein is a potent marker of chemosensory cells located in several tissues, including gastric and pancreatic mucosa and the respiratory apparatus. We recently observed that alpha-gustducin and phospholipase C beta 2-immunoreactive cells were colocalized in the airways with cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and Clara cell-specific secretory protein of 10 (CC10) and 26 kDa (CC26). This finding suggests that TRCs might themselves express secretory markers. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the expression of CFTR, CC10, and CC26 in rat circumvallate papillae using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, immunohistochemistry, and confocal laser microscopy. The results showed that secretory markers such as CFTR, CC10, and CC26 are present in taste cells of rat circumvallate papillae, and their immunoreactivity is expressed, to a different extent, in subsets of taste cells that express alpha-gustducin. The presence of CFTR, CC10, and CC26 in taste bud cells and their coexpression pattern with alpha-gustducin confirms and extends our previous findings in airway epithelium, lending further credence to the notion that chemoreception and secretion may be related processes.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator and clara cell secretory protein in taste receptor cells of rat circumvallate papillae. 1815 3

Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) is a secretory protein that is not only expressed during acute pancreatitis but also in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gastric carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and colorectal carcinoma. Expression in carcinoma might be another characteristic of PAP. The aim of our study was to assess, in 27 patients undergoing surgery for colorectal carcinoma, the expression of the PAP mRNA and to evaluate its association with DNA ploidy and proliferative activity (S-phase fraction, SPF) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometric analysis (FCM). PAP mRNA was expressed in 29.6% (8 of 27) of the patients with colorectal carcinoma. DNA aneuploid and high SPF were found in 87.5% (7 of 8) of patients with PAP mRNA positive colorectal carcinoma. The serum PAP level was significantly elevated in patients with colorectal carcinoma when compared with the healthy subjects. Twelve of the 27 patients with colorectal carcinoma had high serum PAP concentrations (>25 ng/mL) and the mean SPF was 17.82% +/- 8.02%, which was significantly higher compared with the normal colorectal tissue group (7.33% +/- 3.18%, P < 0.05). The mean serum PAP concentration of DNA aneuploidy colorectal carcinomas was 46.67 +/- 17.58 ng/mL, which was significantly different when compared with the DNA diploidy group (19.18 +/- 8.89 ng/mL, P < 0.05). PAP mRNA expression and serum PAP levels are closely related to neoplastic proliferative activity in patients with colorectal carcinoma. No significant differences are observed between PAP mRNA expression and clinicopathologic parameters (P > 0.05).
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PMID:Pancreatitis-associated protein is related closely to neoplastic proliferative activity in patients with colorectal carcinoma. 1905 Dec 57


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