Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we examined the levels of various cytokine mRNAs of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a cutaneous paragonimiasis patient in the course of successful treatment with praziquantel administration. The pre-treatment levels of Th2 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 mRNAs in PBMCs of the patient were much higher than those of healthy controls. The levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 mRNAs slightly elevated on day 2 of the treatment and then declined to the control levels on day 25. The IL-10 mRNA level rapidly decreased after the chemotherapy. In contrast, the mRNA levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, a Th1 cytokine, remained in the control levels during the course. Peripheral eosinophil counts and levels of total IgE and eosinophil cationic protein in the sera correlated well with the levels of these Th2 cytokine mRNAs. These results suggested the major role of Th2 cytokines in clinical manifestation of human helminthic infection.
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PMID:Expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNAs in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient with cutaneous paragonimiasis. 1009 7

The Bcl-2 family has been shown to be vital regulators of programmed cell death in numerous systems. To investigate the role of such proteins in the regulation of apoptosis of eosinophils, the expression of Bcl-2 and homologues Bcl-xL (death antagonists), Bax, and Bcl-xS (death agonists) were examined by immunoblot, flow cytometry, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Potential modulation of apoptosis-associated molecules during spontaneous apoptosis and in the presence of interleukin (IL)-5 was also investigated. Peripheral blood eosinophils were found to express constitutively Bax and Bcl-x, but Bcl-2 was absent. Analysis of mRNA revealed that the bcl-xL isoform predominated, although bcl-xS was also detectable. Spontaneous apoptosis due to culturing in the absence of cytokines for 24 h did not result in modulation of any of the Bcl-2 homologues examined. Culturing eosinophils in the presence of 100 pg/ml IL-5 for 24 h significantly reduced apoptosis (P < 0.01) to 10.7 +/- 2.6% compared with 46.8 +/- 7.4% in the absence of IL-5, and induced Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression, with no detectable change in Bax, Bcl-x, or beta-actin as a control. This investigation indicates a specific profile of apoptotic molecules in eosinophils distinct from that of neutrophils, and indicates that survival-enhancing IL-5 modulates the expression of Bcl-2 in vitro.
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PMID:Expression of Bcl-2 and its homologues in human eosinophils. Modulation by interleukin-5. 1010 Oct 4

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial cancer that is causally associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. NPC tumor biopsies are characterized histopathologically by an abundant infiltration of nonmalignant lymphocytes. We analyzed the expression of various cytokines in NPC tissues to investigate the interaction of the infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor cells. Analysis using reverse transcriptase-PCR revealed the expression of a panel of cytokines in the NPC biopsies: interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, and IL-1 receptor types I and II. Elevated expression of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta was observed in primary tumors and NPC metastases compared to control tissues. Interestingly, this increased expression correlated with the EBV-encoded viral IL-10 transcript. To determine which cells were responsible for producing IL-1, we determined the cellular constituents of NPC biopsies by immunoflow cytometric analysis. On the basis of data from these analyses, the three major specific cell populations, epithelial cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, were selected from five NPC tumors using specific, antibody-coated paramagnetic beads. Reverse transcriptase-PCR of RNA from these fractionated cells showed that transcripts of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta were present not only in the malignant epithelial cells but also in CD4+ T cells infiltrating the tumor, a finding confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. We hypothesize that the unusual synthesis of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta by EBV-positive epithelial cells as well as by CD4+ T cells might contribute to lymphocyte infiltration and/or tumor growth during NPC development.
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PMID:Profile of cytokine expression in nasopharyngeal carcinomas: a distinct expression of interleukin 1 in tumor and CD4+ T cells. 1019 35

The relative levels of cytokine gene expression in the liver were analysed, focusing on IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IFN-gamma compared to those in the spleen and Peyer's patch by using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of expression of cytokines in the liver mononuclear cells (MNC). especially that of IL-6, were significantly higher than in other organs when mice were reared under specific pathogen-free (SPF) or conventional conditions. Both the spleen and Peyer's patch MNC expressed little of any of the cytokines, except for IL-4 in Peyer's patch MNC. The liver MNC produced significant amounts of IL-6 in the culture supernatant upon concanavalin A stimulation. These findings suggest that the liver is a potent IL-6-producing organ, which may relate to B cell differentiation, liver regeneration and the induction of acute phase proteins.
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PMID:Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in the liver. 1023 49

Measles remains a major cause of childhood mortality, with questions about virus virulence and pathogenesis still requiring answers. Rhesus macaques were infected with 5 different culture-adapted strains of measles virus, including 2 from patients with progressive vaccine-induced disease, and a sixth nonculture-adapted strain, Bilthoven. All caused infection detectable by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and induction of antibody. Chicago-1 and Bilthoven induced viremias detectable by leukocyte cocultivation. Bilthoven induced Koplik's spots, conjunctivitis, and rash. Lymphopenia and depressed interleukin (IL)-2 production were followed by monocytosis and eosinophilia. All monkeys, including 41 involved in a primate facility outbreak, showed suppressed responses to phytohemagglutinin. As the rash resolved production of IL-2, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-5 mRNA increased. Monkeys are useful for studies of measles immunopathogenesis, but virus strains must be carefully chosen. Increased virulence of vaccine strains isolated from immunocompromised infants with fatal infections was not evident.
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PMID:Measles virus infection in rhesus macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different virus strains. 1047 17

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important cytokine involved in the regulation of allergen-induced immune responses. We examined the role of IFN-gamma in a Brown-Norway rat model of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and airway eosinophilia, and its effects on the mRNA expression of T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokine. Ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized animals were given either exogenous IFN-gamma (105 U/rat over 3 days, intraperitoneally) or anti-IFN-gamma blocking antibody (DB-1 0.3 mg/rat, intravenously) prior to exposure to OA aerosol and were studied 18-24 hr later. In sensitized animals, OA induced significant BHR, accumulation of eosinophils, T lymphocytes and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and also increased eosinophils and CD8+ T cells in the airways. Exogenous IFN-gamma attenuated allergen-induced BHR (P<0.02, compared with sham-treated animals) together with a significant reduction in eosinophil and neutrophil numbers in BAL fluid (P<0. 005), and eosinophils and CD8+ T cells in airways (P<0.05). By contrast, anti-IFN-gamma antibody increased airway CD4+ T cells and BHR. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, significant increases in Th2 [interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-10], and IFN-gamma cytokine mRNA were found in the lungs of sensitized and OA-exposed animals, while exogenous IFN-gamma significantly suppressed IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 mRNA expression, and anti-IFN-gamma antibody increased IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression. These results indicate that Th1 effects, such as those mediated by IFN-gamma, play a down-regulatory role to suppress the Th2 responses associated with allergen-induced BHR and eosinophilic inflammation.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of endogenous and exogenous interferon-gamma on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, allergic inflammation and T-helper 2 cytokines in Brown-Norway rats. 1054 Feb 28

There are few studies on allergen-induced cytokine production in allergic children, and little is known of antigen-specific cytokine regulation of human immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass antibody responses. An association with T-helper 1 (Th1)-like immunity and complement-activating antibodies remains to be demonstrated in humans. We have previously observed that atopic symptoms are associated with high levels of IgG subclass, especially IgG4, antibodies to birch and beta-lactoglobulin. The differences were seen early in life for the food allergen and increased with age for the inhaled allergen. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between atopic symptoms, birch allergen-, and beta-lactoglobulin-induced cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and serum IgE and IgG subclass antibody responses to these allergens in children in order to further clarify the role of Th1- and Th2-like immunity in responses to various antigens. PBMC from 55 eight-year old children, who had been followed prospectively from birth, were stimulated with birch- and beta-lactoglobulin. Production of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and interferon (IFN)-gamma was analysed by ELISA and expression of IL-4 and IL-9 mRNA by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IgG subclass antibody levels to birch- and beta-lactoglobulin in serum were determined by ELISA, and IgE antibodies by Magic-Lite and CAP-RAST, respectively. Birch-induced expression of IL-4, but not of the other cytokines, was associated with IgE antibodies to birch. Furthermore, the IL-4 expression and IL-6 production correlated with serum IgG4 antibody levels to this allergen, and IFN-gamma secretion with IgG1 antibody responses. There were no correlations between beta-lactoglobulin-stimulated cytokine production and IgG subclass antibody levels to that allergen, except for a negative association between beta-lactoglobulin-stimulated IL-4 expression and IgG1 antibodies. Atopic children tended to have high levels of birch and beta-lactoglobulin-induced IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion. Birch-induced IL-4 expression may be the major factor in determining IgE antibody formation to that allergen, while allergen-induced IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion in PBMC is associated with atopic symptoms. Th1-like immunity to inhaled allergens could be associated with production of the opsonizing and complement-activating IgG1 antibody subclass, and Th2-like immunity with IgG4 antibody responses.
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PMID:Allergen-induced cytokine secretion in relation to atopic symptoms and immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G subclass antibody responses. 1056 57

The functional properties, regarding parasite growth inhibition in vitro, the cytotoxic potential and cytokine profiles of human gammadelta+ and alphabeta+ T cells, T-cell lines and clones stimulated with Plasmodium falciparum-antigen-or T-cell mitogen in vitro were investigated. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and specific primers, mRNA for the cytolytic molecules perforin, granzyme A and B, Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) were detected in both the gammadelta- and the alphabetaT cells. Despite this fact, only gammadeltaT cells inhibited, both Vdelta1+ and Vdelta2+, the in vitro growth of the asexual blood stages in a dose dependent manner. The inhibition required cell-to-cell contact and was not observed until the second parasite replication implied that the likely gammadeltaT-cell target was the extracellular merozoite or schizont. The failure of alphabetaT cells to inhibit the growth of the parasite suggests requirement of additional cytolytic molecules/signals or different receptor specificities exhibited by the gammadeltaT cells. Both the gammadelta- and alphabetaT cells expressed mRNA for a large number of cytokines. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL) IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), tumour necrosis factor beta (TNF-beta)/lymphotoxin (LT) and T-cell growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) were observed in all activated clones tested. No IL-3 was detected, while IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and GM-CSF were variably expressed. In conclusion, our data show that gammadeltaT cells in malaria nonimmune individuals inhibit the asexual blood stages of P. falciparum malaria, while similarly activated alphabetaT cells do not. Thus, it is likely that the gammadeltaT cells could play a mandatory role in the elimination of parasites and/or the regulation of the early immune response to malaria infection.
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PMID:Human gamma delta T cells that inhibit the in vitro growth of the asexual blood stages of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite express cytolytic and proinflammatory molecules. 1060 13

We have previously demonstrated that short-term exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) for 1 h induced a marked leukocytic infiltration in the airways of healthy human volunteers involving neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells along with increases in several inflammatory mediators. We hypothesized that the leukocyte infiltration and the various inflammatory responses induced by DE were mediated by enhanced chemokine and cytokine production by resident cells of the airway tissue and lumen. To investigate this, 15 healthy human volunteers were exposed to diluted DE and air on two separate occasions for 1 h each in an exposure chamber. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed 6 h after each exposure to obtain endobronchial biopsies and bronchial wash (BW) cells. Using reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RT-PCR ELISA), a novel and sensitive technique to quantify relative amounts of cytokine mRNA gene transcripts, and immunohistochemical staining with computer-assisted image analysis to quantify expression of cytokine protein in the bronchial tissue, we have demonstrated that DE enhanced gene transcription of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the bronchial tissue and BW cells along with increases in IL-8 and growth-regulated oncogene-alpha (GRO-alpha) protein expression in the bronchial epithelium, and an accompanying trend toward an increase in IL-5 mRNA gene transcripts in the bronchial tissue. There were no significant changes in the gene transcript levels of interleukin-1B (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) either in the bronchial tissue or BW cells after DE exposure at this time point. These observations suggest an underlying mechanism for DE-induced airway leukocyte infiltration and offer a possible explanation for the association observed between ambient levels of particulate matter and various respiratory health outcome indices noted in epidemiological studies.
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PMID:Acute exposure to diesel exhaust increases IL-8 and GRO-alpha production in healthy human airways. 1067 99

German shepherd dogs (GSD) are predisposed to enteropathies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The present study examined the role of cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of both conditions. Duodenal mucosal biopsies were taken from GSDs with small intestinal enteropathies (group 1; N = 16) or control dogs (group 2, N = 12). IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p40, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. IL-2, IL-5, IL-12p40, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in group 1 dogs was significantly greater than in group 2 dogs (all P<0.01), but there were no significant differences between dogs with IBD or SIBO. Further, antibiotic treatment in five dogs with SIBO, resulted in reduced TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression (P<0.05). Such alterations in cytokine mRNA expression suggest heightened immune responses within the duodenal mucosa in GSDs with either SIBO or IBD.
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PMID:Cytokine mRNA expression in mucosal biopsies from German shepherd dogs with small intestinal enteropathies. 1069 6


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