Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In mouse and human preimplantation development, pyruvate is consumed preferentially during early embryogenesis; however, during the morula and blastocyst stages, glucose is the preferred energy substrate. Studies have suggested that the glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase and glucose phosphate isomerase, are important enzymes in glucose metabolism during these later stages of human and mouse preimplantation development. In order to investigate the genetic activities of these enzymes in late-stage mouse embryos developing in vitro, we analysed hexokinase and glucose phosphate isomerase transcription activities by qualitative RNA assays using reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of individual mouse morulae and early blastocysts incubated in glucose/phosphate-free preimplantation stage one (P1) medium and glucose/phosphate-containing human tubal fluid (HTF) medium. We observed an increased incidence of hexokinase transcripts in the population of blastocysts compared with morulae, and differences in transcript incidence between early blastocysts developing in HTF medium and in P1 medium. In contrast, glucose phosphate isomerase transcripts were consistantly present in all embryos analysed, and appear to be constitutively expressed during late-stage mouse embryogenesis. The different activity patterns of the two glycolytic genes may reflect different mechanisms of gene regulation or differential transcript stability during the later stages of mouse preimplantation development.
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PMID:Genetic expression of hexokinase and glucose phosphate isomerase in late-stage mouse preimplantation embryos: transcription activities in glucose/phosphate-containing HTF and glucose/phosphate-free P1 media. 923 63

Our understanding of how polyploidy influences gene evolution is limited by the fact there have been few molecular descriptions of particular genes and their expression in polyploid plants and their diploid progenitors. Here we use evidence from sequencing of genomic DNA and cDNA obtained by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends to describe PgiC genes and their expression in two allotetraploid species of the wildflower genus Clarkia, C. delicata and C. similis. PgiC encodes the cytosolic isozyme of phosphoglucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and was duplicated in the ancestral stock of Clarkia, giving rise to paralogous genes PgiC1 and PgiC2. The active form of the PGIC enzyme is a dimer of like subunits. The electrophoretic patterns in the parent species show three bands of activity, representing two homodimers and a heterodimer of intermediate mobility, and are encoded by two genes. The electrophoretic patterns in the tetraploids also show three bands, but the tetraploids were expected to have multiple PGIC isozymes encoded by four genes. Our molecular studies demonstrated that each tetraploid has two PgiC1 and two PgiC2 genes, as predicted. One gene in each of them has been silenced by a single mutation, and a functional protein is no longer produced. In C. similis, PgiC2(mod) was silenced by a mutation of a single nucleotide in exon 5 that created a stop codon. In C. delicata, a polymorphism exists between a normal allele and a defective allele of PgiC2(epi) that has a deletion of a splice junction in intron 19 that results in the synthesis of a transcript lacking an entire exon, an example of exon skipping. The three-banded PGIC electrophoretic pattern of both tetraploid species arises because isozymes encoded by two or three of the genes comigrate. A very recent origin for both tetraploids is suggested by the near identity of several of their PgiC genes to their corresponding diploid orthologues and the absence of any acceleration in mutation rates. The problem of assessing genetic redundancy in tetraploids is discussed.
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PMID:Single mutations silence PGiC2 genes in two very recent allotetraploid species of Clarkia. 1203 28