Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A method for the rapid preparation of a defined substrate to monitor RNase H activity has been developed. Using this substrate, we have investigated the RNase H activities of the different forms of recombinant HIV-1 and HIV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT) in detail. As we report here, RNase H activity is associated only with the dimeric forms (p51/p66 or p66/p66) of the enzymes.
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PMID:RNase H activity of HIV reverse transcriptases is confined exclusively to the dimeric forms. 137 72

AIDS, caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one of the world's most serious health problems, with current protocols being inadequate for either prevention or successful long-term treatment. In retroviruses such as HIV, the enzyme reverse transcriptase copies the single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA that is then integrated into the chromosomes of infected cells. Reverse transcriptase is the target of the most widely used treatments for AIDS, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), but resistant strains of HIV-1 arise in patients after a relatively short time. There are several nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, but resistance to such agents also develops rapidly. We report here the structure at 7 A resolution of a ternary complex of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase heterodimer, a monoclonal antibody Fab fragment, and a duplex DNA template-primer. The double-stranded DNA binds in a groove on the surface of the enzyme. The electron density near one end of the DNA matches well with the known structure of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase RNase H domain. At the opposite end of the DNA, a mercurated derivative of UTP has been localized by difference Fourier methods, allowing tentative identification of the polymerase nucleoside triphosphate binding site. We also determined the structure of the reverse transcriptase/Fab complex in the absence of template-primer to compare the bound and free forms of the enzyme. The presence of DNA correlates with movement of protein electron density in the vicinity of the putative template-primer binding groove. These results have important implications for developing improved inhibitors of reverse transcriptase for the treatment of AIDS.
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PMID:Structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase/DNA complex at 7 A resolution showing active site locations. 137 66

Human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1 reverse transcriptase exists in virions as a heterodimer of a M(r) 66,000 subunit and its C-terminally truncated form of M(r) 51,000, but, when expressed as a recombinant M(r) 66,000 protein, a mixture of heterodimers and homodimers results which co-purify by most conventional techniques. We describe a method of hydrophobic chromatography which gives baseline separation of these two forms of the protein. This method has been applied to purify heterodimers formed by recombination of separately expressed and purified M(r) 66,000 and 51,000 subunits, resulting in significantly more homogeneous heterodimer preparations. The recombined heterodimer showed similar kinetic properties and RNase H activity to the standard heterodimer and a specific activity significantly higher than the original homodimer of the M(r) 66,000 protein. Heterodimers having greater asymmetry have also been prepared by recombining Mr 66,000 subunits containing single-point or deletion mutations, with wild-type M(r) 51,000 subunits, and the resulting heterodimers analysed.
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PMID:Formation of heterodimers of human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1 reverse transcriptase by recombination of separately purified subunits. 137 16

Luo and Taylor (J. Virol. 64:4321-4328, 1990) have previously shown that when, during RNA-directed DNA synthesis, a retroviral reverse transcriptase comes to a halt at the end of an RNA template, the associated RNase H produces a specific oligonucleotide that contains the 5' end of that template; in those studies the length of the oligonucleotide was predominantly 17 nucleotides. We have now investigated variables that might affect the formation and length of such a terminal oligonucleotide. We found small but significant variations in the length could be caused by the choice of reaction conditions and also the sources of reverse transcriptase and RNA template. Nevertheless, the general finding in all these situations was that RNase H acted at or about 14 to 18 nucleotides from the 5' end, thereby supporting the interpretation that in the reverse transcriptase, the cleavage site for the RNase H is held at around this distance behind the DNA polymerase activity. In other words, it appears that for the intact protein, the RNase H and reverse transcriptase activities may work in a coupled or coordinate manner. We also found that more than 80% of the residual 5' oligonucleotides remained base paired to the RNA-directed DNA product. Furthermore, under certain conditions, these short RNAs could act as efficient primers for an associated DNA-directed DNA synthesis in the reverse direction.
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PMID:When retroviral reverse transcriptases reach the end of their RNA templates. 137 69

Lysates from E. coli expressing HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) as a TrpE fusion protein were used for immunization of BALB/c mice. Twenty hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing the RT part of the TrpE-RT fusion protein by Western blot analysis were isolated. Of these, 18 were reactive in immunofluorescence assays when tested on HIV-infected cells. Twelve MAbs were reactive with both the p66 and p51 fragments of RT, while 6 of the MAbs were reactive only with the p66 band, indicating specificity for the C-terminal (RNase H) region of RT. Mapping of the monoclonal antibody binding sites was performed using deletion and insertion mutants of recombinant RT. The antibodies bound to five distinct regions within amino acid sequences 190-560 of RT. In order to map functionally important regions of the RT molecule, the MAbs were tested for their ability to interfere with the polymerase and RNase H activities of the polypeptide. MAbs binding to two different epitopes in the polymerase domain were found to inhibit the polymerase activity. Of these, three MAbs also inhibited the RNase H activity. Two MAbs binding to the same epitope in the RNase H region inhibited RNase H activity and further mediated an effect on the polymerase activity.
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PMID:Epitope mapping of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with monoclonal antibodies that inhibit polymerase and RNase H activities. 137 41

A 3.5 angstrom resolution electron density map of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase heterodimer complexed with nevirapine, a drug with potential for treatment of AIDS, reveals an asymmetric dimer. The polymerase (pol) domain of the 66-kilodalton subunit has a large cleft analogous to that of the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. However, the 51-kilodalton subunit of identical sequence has no such cleft because the four subdomains of the pol domain occupy completely different relative positions. Two of the four pol subdomains appear to be structurally related to subdomains of the Klenow fragment, including one containing the catalytic site. The subdomain that appears likely to bind the template strand at the pol active site has a different structure in the two polymerases. Duplex A-form RNA-DNA hybrid can be model-built into the cleft that runs between the ribonuclease H and pol active sites. Nevirapine is almost completely buried in a pocket near but not overlapping with the pol active site. Residues whose mutation results in drug resistance have been approximately located.
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PMID:Crystal structure at 3.5 A resolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with an inhibitor. 137 3

The reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has only 2 cysteine residues at positions 38 and 280. In order to investigate the role of these cysteines in the structure and function of the enzyme, we have previously modified each of the cysteines to serines employing site-directed mutagenesis. Two of the mutant forms of HIV-1 RT, the single mutant of cysteine 280 and a double mutant with both cysteines modified, were purified. In the present study we have compared the catalytic properties of the DNA-polymerizing and the ribonuclease H (RNase H) functions of the two mutant RTs to those of the native enzyme. The results indicate that the single mutant RT closely resembles the wild type enzyme in almost all the catalytic functions tested. The double cysteine mutant RT, on the other hand, exhibits several unique features. First, the specific activities of the RNA- and DNA-directed DNA synthesis are significantly lower than the corresponding activities of the other two enzymes. This probably results from the lower Vmax values exhibited by the double mutant RT, since the Km values calculated for all enzymes were similar. Second, the most outstanding differences are associated with the RNase H activity of the double mutant RT. The specific activity of RNase H is about 4-fold higher than the wild type and the single mutant RTs. Furthermore, the heat stability of the RNase H function of the double mutated RT is at least 15-fold higher than that of the other two RTs. The substantial resistance to heat denaturation is apparent only for the RNase H activity, since the DNA polymerizing function of the double mutant RT is as sensitive to heat denaturation as the other two proteins.
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PMID:The effects of cysteine mutations on the catalytic activities of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. 137 33

Active recombinant reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with an amino-terminal extension containing a hexa-histidine sequence has been prepared in milligram quantities in a pure heterodimeric (p66/p51) form by coordinated applications of immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and HIV-1 protease treatment. The precursor protein, isolated from extracts of recombinant Escherichia coli by IMAC in a predominantly unprocessed form (p66), migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a 66-kDa band with minor heterogeneity at lower relative molecular mass. Incubation of this protein with recombinant HIV-1 protease produced a stable heterodimeric RT that was purified in a single step by IMAC. The purified protein retained both RT and RNase H activity, and kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) were measured with both RNA-dependent DNA polymerization and RNase H activity assays. Carboxyl-terminal sequencing of purified heterodimeric RT indicated that one subunit is intact p66, whereas the other, p51, is a truncated form of p66 that terminates at residue Phe440. Analysis of the HIV-1 protease digest revealed two cleavage sites, at Tyr483-Leu484 and Tyr532-Leu533, in addition to the site at Phe440-Tyr441 that is cleaved to produce p51.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of heterodimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase produced by in vitro processing of p66 with recombinant HIV-1 protease. 137 37

The reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is one of the main targets in approaches to the chemotherapy of AIDS. A detailed knowledge of structure-function relationships of this enzyme is a prerequisite for rational drug design. We have used monoclonal antibodies as tools to identify functionally important regions of the protein. The preparation of 23 murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and their different effects on the enzyme are described. The interaction of purified mAbs with HIV-1 RT was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blots, and high performance liquid chromatography size exclusion chromatography. One of the antibodies also recognized recombinant HIV-2 RT. Antibody binding epitopes on HIV-1 RT were analyzed by immunoblotting using cyanogen bromide fragmented RT, C-terminally truncated mutants, and a peptide ELISA employing 15-mer synthetic overlapping peptides spanning nearly the complete polypeptide chain. The epitopes were mapped within three domains corresponding to amino acids 200-230, 300-428, and 528-560. Two mAbs show neutralizing properties on enzymatic functions of RT. One affects the polymerase activity and to a certain degree the RNase H activity of the enzyme, whereas the other inhibits the latter activity exclusively. mAb 28, which blocks the polymerase activity, interferes with the nucleotide binding region of RT, as shown by fluorescence spectroscopy using a labeled template/primer complex. By investigating the antibody effects on dimer formation of the heterodimeric enzyme, three domains corresponding to amino acids 230-300, 350-428, and residues around amino acid 540 involved in protein-protein interactions were localized.
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PMID:Structure-function relationships of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase determined using monoclonal antibodies. 137 37

We have examined the specificity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H in removing the tRNA(Lys3) (-)-strand primer in vitro using a model substrate. This substrate represents an intermediate in the reverse transcription process where the tRNA(Lys3) primer has not yet been removed after (+)-strand strong stop DNA synthesis. The substrate consists of an RNA oligonucleotide corresponding to the 3'-terminal 17 nucleotides of the tRNA(Lys3) linked to U5 DNA and annealed to single-stranded DNA containing the U5 and the primer-binding site. Upon incubation with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase p66/p51 heterodimer, the minus-strand DNA product resulting from RNase H cleavage retained the 3'-rA from the model tRNA primer. Changing the 3'-terminal AMP of the model tRNA primer from rA to dA did not alter the RNase H cleavage site. Further, the retention of AMP was not dependent on recognition of adjacent U5 sequences or the CCA terminus of the model tRNA(Lys3). The synthetic RNA primer was released as an intact species by a single endonucleolytic cleavage 5' of the rA. The cleavage patterns of Moloney murine leukemia virus and avian myoblastosis virus RNase H activities on the HIV-1 model substrate were more heterogeneous compared to HIV-1 RNase H. This specificity of HIV-1 RNase H would result in linear DNA molecules with a single rA at the U5 terminus and would provide two bases adjacent to the conserved CA dinucleotide to be cleaved away during the integration process.
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PMID:Specificity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H in removal of the minus-strand primer, tRNA(Lys3). 137 44


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