Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A retrotransposon named Lian-Aa1 was discovered in an intron of an AaHR3-1 gene of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. This retrotransposon contained a long open reading frame with 1,219 amino acids that included endonuclease, reverse transcriptase, and RNase H domains. It was shown that in the Rock strain of Ae. aegypti, there were up to 1,380 copies of Lian elements, equivalent to 0.8% of the entire genome. Five additional copies of Lian elements were isolated, mapped by restriction digestion, and partially sequenced. The 5' and 3' ends of the Lian family were determined by comparing the terminal sequences of the six copies and were subsequently confirmed by the identification of putative target duplications flanking Lian-Aa1 and Lian-Aa2. The Lian family is likely a novel family of non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons that terminate in a repeat of (CTGA-TAC)2. On average, the six copies of Lian elements showed only 0.6% sequence divergence at the nucleotide level in both a 735-bp region at the 5' end and a 1,124-bp coding region. Genomic Southern blots also revealed a very high degree of similarity among hundreds of Lian elements, suggesting very recent activity of Lian. Furthermore, all six analyzed Lian elements were closely associated with one or more different families of repetitive elements. It is possible that these associations could reflect the complex relationship between Lian elements and the rest of the Ae. aegypti genome. Phylogenetic analyses based on the reverse transcriptase, domains of 36 non-LTR retrotransposons including Lian-Aa1 identified five major subgroups that were supported by bootstrap replications. In contrast to the majority of non-LTR retrotransposons, Lian-Aa1 has an RNase H domain that is similar to a few other non-LTR retrotransposons and some retroviruses, which is consistent with the previously proposed independent assortment of different domains during the evolution of retroelements.
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PMID:Structural, genomic, and phylogenetic analysis of Lian, a novel family of non-LTR retrotransposons in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. 965 85

alpha- and beta-tryptase genes encode serine proteases that are abundantly expressed by mast cells. Under physiologic conditions other myeloid cells are virtually tryptase negative. However, tryptases are also expressed in several myeloid leukemia cell lines. In this study, serum total tryptase levels were determined in 150 patients with acute leukemias (de novo acute myeloid leukemia [AML], n = 108; secondary AML, n = 25; acute lymphoid leukemia [ALL], n = 17) by fluoroenzyme immunoassay. In healthy subjects (n = 30), tryptase levels ranged between 2.0 and 12.6 ng/mL. Elevated tryptase levels (> 15) were detected in 42 (39%) of 108 patients with de novo AML and in 11 (44%) of 25 patients with secondary AML. No elevated tryptase levels were found in patients with ALL. In de novo AML, elevated tryptase levels were frequently detected in patients with French-American-British classification M0 (6 of 9), M2 (9 of 14), M3 (4 of 6), and M4eo (7 of 7), and less frequently in M1 (7 of 20), M4 (6 of 26), M5 (2 of 18), M6 (0 of 5), or M7 (1 of 3). The highest tryptase levels were found in M4eo. Immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow sections with anti-tryptase antibody as well as immunoelectron microscopy revealed tryptase expression in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts. As assessed by Northern blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, AML cells expressed alpha-tryptase messenger RNA (mRNA) but little or no beta-tryptase mRNA. In AML patients with elevated serum tryptase before chemotherapy, who entered complete remission, tryptase levels returned to normal or near normal values. Blast cell persistence or regrowth was associated with a persistently elevated level or recurrent increase of tryptase. Together, tryptase is expressed in myeloblasts in a group of AML and may serve as a useful disease-related marker.
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PMID:Expression of mast cell tryptase by myeloblasts in a group of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. 1156 8

The phytohormone ethylene is involved in many developmental processes, including leaf and flower senescence. Ethylene is perceived by plants through receptors that trigger the downstream signal transduction pathway. The mutated ethylene receptor ERS1 (ethylene response sensor) from Arabidopsis is of a dominant negative nature and confers ethylene insensitivity in Arabidopsis. To investigate if the altered ERS1 gene can affect the tissue senescence in heterologous plants, we introduced it into coriander by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants were regenerated by cocultivating hypocotyl segments with A. tumefaciens harboring binary vector pCGN1547 that carried the ERS1 gene. The presence and expression of the transgene were confirmed by genomic Southern blot and reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses. Leaf and flower senescence were delayed significantly in the transgenic plants. The ability of the mutated ERS1 gene to confer the ethylene-insensitive phenotype can be exploited for extending the shelf-life of leafy vegetables.
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PMID:Heterologous expression of Arabidopsis ERS1 causes delayed senescence in coriander. 1462 8

A 1.3 kb satellite DNA from a size defined genomic library of mammal Bubalus bubalis was cloned and sequenced. The clone pSB1 is AT rich with 447 A (33.6%), 262 C (19.7%), 240 G (19.0%) and 383 T (28.8%). There were about 1400 copies of contig in the bubaline genome but it did not uncover allele length variation when used as probe in conjunction with a number of restriction enzymes. The contig pSB1 is not conserved evolutionarily and cross hybridizes only with the Bovideae family. A set of primers from 5' (nt 422 to 441) and 3' (nt 962 to 947) deduced from the clone used for PCR amplification with four members of the Bovideae family gave the expected 530 bp band of equal intensity indicating a similar number of copies in all the four species namely Bos indicus, Capra hircus, Ovis aries and Bubalus bubalis. Expression studies with pSB1 following slot-blot hybridization with total RNA isolated from ovary, testes, kidney, lung and spleen revealed varying signal intensities in all the tissues with a most prominent signal in spleen but a faint one in ovary. Further sequence analysis revealed the presence of several eukaryotic transcriptional elements such as NF-E1, Poly-A signal, lariat consensus sequences, and CTF/NF1 binding sites. Blast search showed 90% sequence similarity with the reverse transcriptase gene of Bos taurus and sequences from nt 283 to 636 within the contig showed highly conserved reverse transcriptase like signatures along with N-glycosylation and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. From the data we conclude that the pSB1 representing satellite DNA is associated with transcribing sequences. The prospect of identifying functional genes linked with the satellite fraction in higher vertebrates is discussed.
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PMID:A 1.3 kb satellite DNA from Bubalus bubalis not conserved evolutionarily is transcribed. 1566 49

Testis-specific genes are essential for spermatogenesis in mammalian male reproduction. We have identified a novel gene, Tsc21, exclusively expressed in mice and human testes from the results of the Affymetrix Genechip analysis in the six developmental stages of testis of postnatal Balb/C mice. The full cDNA length of Tsc21 was 810 bp, with a 543 bp open reading frame encoding a 180 amino acids protein with a predicted molecular weight of 21.040 kDa. A Blast search in the mouse genome database localized the Tsc21 gene to mice chromosome 6C3. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment of human, mouse, and rat homologous genes showed that mice Tsc21 protein was highly homologous with the human Tsc21 gene (70%) and rat Tsc21 gene (86%). The results of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the mice Tsc21 is exclusively expressed in the testis and epididymis of mice, and its expression is only detected after the mice is 35 days old. Human Tsc21 is also exclusively expressed in testis of human. Considering the expression profile Tsc21 in mice and human, we propose that Tsc21 may play a role during mammalian male spermatogenesis. Our study should be a basis for function characterization of the Tsc21 gene, leading to the elucidation of the molecular events underlying mammalian male reproduction.
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PMID:Identification and characteristics of a novel testis-specific gene, Tsc21, in mice and human. 1709 36

Leaf senescence can be described as the dismantling of cellular components during a specific time interval before cell death. This has the effect of remobilizing N in the form of amino acids that can be relocalized to developing seeds. High levels of carbohydrates have previously been shown to promote the onset of the senescence process. Carbohydrate accumulation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants was induced experimentally by steam-girdling at the leaf base, occluding the phloem, and gene regulation under these conditions was investigated using the Affymetrix Barley GeneChip array and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Transcript levels of plastidial (aminopeptidases, cnd41) and vacuolar (thiol and serine) proteases clearly increase in girdled leaves. Of special interest are cnd41, a plastidial aspartyl peptidase that has been implicated in Rubisco degradation in tobacco; and cp-mIII, a highly upregulated carboxypeptidase. SAG12, hexokinases and other senescence-specific genes are also upregulated under these conditions. Applying a genomic approach to the innovative experimental system described here significantly enhances our knowledge of leaf proteolysis and whole-plant N recycling.
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PMID:Steam-girdling of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves leads to carbohydrate accumulation and accelerated leaf senescence, facilitating transcriptomic analysis of senescence-associated genes. 1780 41

Zinc (Zn) is essential for a very large number and variety of cellular functions but is also potentially toxic. Zn homeostasis is therefore dynamically maintained by a variety of transporters and other proteins distributed in distinct cellular and subcellular compartments. Zn transport is mediated by two major protein families: the Zip family, which mediates Zn influx, and the ZnTs which are primarily linked to Zn sequestration into intracellular compartments and are, thereby, involved in lowering cytoplasmic Zn free ion concentrations. In the prostate epithelial cell, the accumulation of high cellular zinc is a specialized function that is necessary for these cells to carry out the major physiological functions of production and secretion of prostatic fluids. The loss of Zn accumulation is the most consistent and persistent characteristic of prostate malignancy. Currently, there are no direct methods to determine the relative Zn levels in various cell types of prostate gland (i.e. stroma, glandular epithelia, acini, and muscular) and no reliable ways to compare the Zn in normal versus malignant areas of the gland. Here we report a new method to show a differential Zn staining method that correlates with various stages of prostate cancer development in situ and expression of a human Zn transporter1-hZIP1 -in situ by in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction hybridization (ISRTPCR) that correlate with the relative Zn levels determined by the differential Zn staining method. By utilizing these methods, we show for the first time that: (1) the relative Zn levels are very low to absent in the malignant glands, (2) normal glands show high Zn levels in both glandular epithelia as well as in stromal tissues, (3) the Zn levels begin to decrease in pre-malignant glands and precedes the development of malignancy, and (4) the expression of human Zn transporter1 (hZIP1) appears to correlate with the Zn levels in the prostate glands and may be the major Zn regulator in this organ.
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PMID:Differential zinc accumulation and expression of human zinc transporter 1 (hZIP1) in prostate glands. 2070 37

A norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak at a wedding reception hall in Nagano Prefecture in April 2008 affected that hall's reception participants and waiters, but not waiters or food handlers at another hall. To determine the infection route, dust in three vacuum cleaners used to clean the venue were tested for norovirus using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), with norovirus RNA detected from all three. Sequencing analysis of a 280-nt portion of the capsid region showed that 9 specimens from infected reception participants and waiters and dust samples had 100% nucleotide identity. This suggests that the infection route was dust transmission, that the reception venue floor had been contaminated with norovirus, and that participants and staff had been exposed to norovirus in dust during the wedding reception. Dust thus requires specific attention as a potential infection source because norovirus cDNA copies were 1.7 x 10(4) to 1.6 x 10(5) per gram in dust specimens.
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PMID:[An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norovirus: suspected due to dust transmission]. 2122 21

To isolate and characterize chalcone synthase gene in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway during flower development of Dendrobium Sonia Earsakul. The gene was isolated from floral tissues of the orchid by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Characterization of the gene considered to its relatedness to chalcone synthase gene in other orchid plants elucidated by construction of a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. Gene expression pattern related to flower development and pigmentation was investigated by relative quantification real time polymerase chain reaction. A complete coding sequence was obtained and sequence analysis revealed that the gene of Dendrobium Sonia Earsakul consisted of 1,188 bp. Blast analysis and multiple alignments showed that the chalcone synthase gene of Dendrobium Sonia Earsakul shares high homology to chalcone synthase gene of Dendrobium genus particularly Dendrobium hybrid Uniwai prince. Phylogenetic tree revealed that chalcone synthase of Dendrobium genus are highly conserved. The chalcone synthase gene of Dendrobium Sonia Earsakul was highly expressed in young flower bud with no pigmentation and the expression was sharply decreased when young flower bud started accumulation of pigments. Expression of chalcone synthase gene was then maintained at the same level until young bud developed into fully opened flowers.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of chalcone synthase gene isolated from Dendrobium Sonia Earsakul. 2131 59

This study was conducted to investigate the gene expression of cationic and neutral amino acid (AA) transporters in the small intestine of chick embryos with different genetic backgrounds [Wenshi Yellow-Feathered chick (WYFC) and White Recessive Rock chick (WRRC)]. The study also investigated the correlation between the abundance of AA transporter mRNA and the AA content of fertilized eggs. Intestinal samples were collected on embryonic d 9, 12, 14, 17, and 19 and the day of hatch. The results showed that, before incubation, the AA content of WRRC eggs was lower (P < 0.05) than the AA content of WYFC eggs. In WYFC, the mRNA abundance of CAT-1 [solute carrier (SLC) family 7 member 1], CAT-4 (SLC family 7 member 4), rBAT (SLC family 3 member 1), y(+)LAT-1 (SLC family 7 member 7), y(+)LAT-2 (SLC family 7 member 6), LAT-4 (SLC family 43 member 2), and SNAT-2 (SLC family 38 member 2), as detected by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, was greater (P < 0.05) than the mRNA abundance detected in the WRRC samples. The mRNA abundance of all measured AA transporters was affected (P < 0.05) by embryonic age. Sex had the largest effect (P < 0.05) on the mRNA expression of CAT-1, CAT-4, y(+)LAT-2, and LAT-4 in WYFC and on CAT-4 and B(0)AT-1 (SLC family 6 member 19) mRNA expression in WRRC. In WYFC, only CAT-1 mRNA expression was negatively correlated (r = -0.68 to -0.84, P < 0.05) with all AA content. However, few correlations were detected between AA content and the mRNA expression of multiple transporters in WRRC. These findings provide a comprehensive profile of the temporal and spatial mRNA expression of AA transporters in the small intestine of chick embryos. Few correlations were detected between the AA content of the eggs and mRNA expression of specific AA transporters in the small intestine.
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PMID:The relationship between gene expression of cationic and neutral amino acid transporters in the small intestine of chick embryos and chick breed, development, sex, and egg amino acid concentration. 2201 Feb 40


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