Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since Langerhans cells (LC) are the principal antigen-presenting cells among epidermal cells, treatments suppressing LC function may inhibit CHR. Although calcium channel blockers (CCB) have been shown to suppress the functions of several immunologically active cells, little is known about their effect on LC. In this study we show that pretreatment with topical 1% nifedipine or verapamil HCl significantly suppressed both the sensitization and elicitation phases of a CHR in mice. We then investigated whether CCB affected LC. Flow cytometric analysis of regional lymph node cells obtained 24 h after applying FITC demonstrated that topical CCB treatment significantly reduced the percentage of FITC+ NLDC-145+ cells, suggesting that CCB had suppressed antigen transport by LC. In vitro treatment with nifedipine or verapamil significantly suppressed the antigen-presenting capacity of LC in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, in vitro CCB treatment reduced the percentage of class II MHC antigen-positive epidermal cells and significantly suppressed class II MHC and B7-1 levels in LC, as determined by flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, whereas surface expression of B7-2 and mRNA was only weakly reduced. Neither expression of CD45 nor the percentage of CD45+ cells were affected, suggesting that the effects of CCB on LC were not due to cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that CCB inhibit CHR, at least in part, by suppressing the functions of LC.
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PMID:Calcium channel blockers suppress the contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHR) by inhibiting antigen transport and presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells in mice. 915 2

Fusion of the HIV envelope with the target cell membrane is a critical step of HIV entry into the target cell. The HIV envelope glycoprotein gp41 plays an important role in the fusion of viral and target cell membranes and serves as an attractive target for development of HIV fusion inhibitors. The extracellular domain of gp41 contains three important functional regions, i.e. fusion peptide (FP), N- and C-terminal heptad repeats (NHR and CHR, respectively). The FP region is composed of hydrophobic, glycine-rich residues that are essential for the initial penetration of the target cell membrane. NHR and CHR regions consist of hydrophobic residues, which have the tendency to form alpha-helical coiled coils. During the process of fusion of HIV or HIV-infected cells with uninfected cells, FP inserts into the target cell membrane and subsequently the NHR and CHR regions change conformations and associate with each other to form a fusion-active gp41 core. Peptides derived from NHR and CHR regions, designated N- and C-peptides, respectively, have potent inhibitory activity against HIV fusion by binding to the CHR and NHR regions, respectively, to prevent the formation of the fusion-active gp41 core. C-peptide may also bind to FP, thereby blocking its insertion into the target cell membrane. One of the C-peptides, T-20, which is in the phase III clinical trials, has potent in vivo activity against HIV infection and is expected to become the first peptide HIV fusion inhibitory drug in the near future. However, this peptide HIV fusion inhibitor lacks oral availability and is sensitive to the proteolytic digestion. Therefore, it is essential to develop small molecular non-peptide HIV fusion inhibitors having a mechanism of action similar to the C-peptides. One of the approaches in identifying the inhibitors is to use an immunological assay to screen chemical libraries for the compounds that potentially block the interaction between the NHR and CHR regions to form a fusion-active gp41 core. In combination with computer-aided molecular docking techniques, the first active non-peptide HIV fusion inhibitor targeting gp41, ADS-J1, was identified. Other potential candidates of non-peptide HIV fusion inhibitors have also been identified using different approaches. It is expected that both peptide and non-peptide HIV fusion inhibitors will be developed as new classes of anti-HIV drugs, which will be used alone or in combination with HIV reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors, for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.
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PMID:Peptide and non-peptide HIV fusion inhibitors. 1194 59

Cupriavidus (Wautersia, Ralstonia, Alcaligenes) metallidurans strain CH34is a well-studied example of a metal-resistant proteobacterium. Genome sequence analysis revealed the presence of a variety of paralogs of proteins that were previously shown to be involved in heavy metal resistance. Which advantage has C. metallidurans in maintaining all these paralogs during evolution? Paralogs investigated belong to the families RND (resistance nodulation cell division) or CHR (chromate resistance). The respective genes were localized by PCR either on one of the two native megaplasmids pMOL28 and pMOL30 of strain CH34, or on its chromosomal DNA. Gene expression was studied by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and by reporter gene constructs. Genes found to be inducible were disrupted and their contribution to metal resistance measured. When two or three highly related genes were present, usually one was inducible by heavy metals while the other one or two were silent or constitutively expressed. This suggests that C. metallidurans CH34 carries a variety of no longer or not yet used genes that might serve as surplus material for further developments, an advantage that may compensate for the costs of maintaining these genes during evolution.
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PMID:Paralogs of genes encoding metal resistance proteins in Cupriavidus metallidurans strain CH34. 1682 91