Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Messenger RNAs (mRNA) of several growth factor receptors and relate genes were examined with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in normal and noise-damaged chicken basilar papillae (BP). Analysis of the amplification products indicated the presence of mRNAs for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), fibroblast factor receptor (FGFR), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), insulin receptor (IR), retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta), retinoic acid receptor gamma (RXR gamma), and basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) in both normal and noise-damaged BP. The RT-PCR products generated were characterized by size and sequencing analysis to confirm the identities of the target molecules. The subcellular localization of the mature protein analogs for EGFR, FGFR, IGFR, RAR beta, and BFGF were identified using fluorescence immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. These experiments indicated that EGFR is present in the stereociliary bundles in the hair cells, IGFR is not present in the cells of the BP, BFGF localizes in the nuclei of supporting cells in the BP, but not hair cells or hyaline cells, and that RAR beta localizes in the perinuclear regions of hair cells. The subcellular distributions of these proteins were consistent in both noise-damaged and control BP. FGFR, in contrast, changed its distribution in the tissue after noise damage. In normal BP, FGFR is concentrated in the stereocilia of hair cells. However, in damaged regions of noise-exposed chick cochleae, FGFR is heavily expressed in the expanded apical regions of the supporting cells. These findings suggest that BFGF and retinoic acid may potentially play a role in the mechanisms which regulate the regeneration of chicken cochlear hair cells.
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PMID:Potential role of bFGF and retinoic acid in the regeneration of chicken cochlear hair cells. 878 6

Quantitative competitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qcRT-PCR) was established for determining absolute molecule numbers of the thyroid hormone receptor (T3R) isoforms T3Ralpha1, T3Ralpha2, T3Rbeta1, and the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor gamma (RXRgamma) in developing and adult fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles of rat. Expression levels of the nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR) were measured in the same muscles because responses to thyroid hormones during muscle maturation might not only depend on the expression levels of the various receptors but might also be modulated by changes in the expression of NCoR. The qcRT-PCR method was based on the addition of known amounts of homologous competitor RNAs to the reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction. We show that all nuclear receptors under study were expressed in fast and slow muscles. Transcript numbers of T3Rbeta1, which was the most abundant isoform, were higher in SOL than in EDL during all developmental stages. The mRNAs for T3Ralpha1, T3Ralpha2, RXRgamma and the NCoR displayed molecule numbers in similar ranges, but were differentially expressed. T3Ralpha1 mRNA increased in SOL during postnatal development, while T3Ralpha2 mRNA initially decreased, then increased to adult levels. Conversely, pronounced decreases were observed for T3Ralpha1 (10-fold) and T3Ralpha2 (28-fold) mRNAs in the EDL muscle during postnatal maturation. RXRgamma mRNA was 10-fold downregulated during EDL maturation, but unaltered in maturing SOL. NCoR transcript number displayed only minor changes in both muscles.
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PMID:Quantification of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms, 9-cis retinoic acid receptor gamma, and nuclear receptor co-repressor by reverse-transcriptase PCR in maturing and adult skeletal muscles of rat. 983 50

Absolute molecule numbers of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms T3Ralpha1, T3Ralpha2, T3Rbeta1, and the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor gamma were measured in adult fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow soleus (SOL) muscles of rat by competitive reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. The nuclear hormone receptor corepressor (NCoR) mRNA was quantified by noncompetitive RT-PCR in the same muscles. T3Rbeta1 mRNA was the most abundant isoform in both muscle types. All nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) mRNAs were found at lower molecule numbers in fast than in slow muscle. No differences existed with regard to NCoR mRNA. With the exception of T3Ralpha1 in the EDL, hypothyroidism led to decreases in NHR mRNAs, especially in SOL, but did not significantly affect the level of NCoR mRNA. Enhanced neuromuscular activity of the fast EDL muscle, as induced by chronic low-frequency stimulation, transiently increased NHR mRNAs, but decreased NCoR mRNA. These chronic-low-frequency-stimulation-induced changes were attenuated by hypothyroidism.
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PMID:Effects of contractile activity and hypothyroidism on nuclear hormone receptor mRNA isoforms in rat skeletal muscle. 1049 Nov 48